[394] Slaughter, 107-08.

[395] Howe, 266.

[396] Slaughter, 108.

[397] Weedon, 134; also, Heitman, 285.

[398] _Ib._

[399] Description of Marshall at Valley Forge by eye-witness, in _North American Review_ (1828), xxvi, 8.

[400] Ninth Virginia. (Heitman, 72.)

[401] _North American Review_ (1828), xxvi, 8.

[402] Weedon, Feb. 8, 1778, 226-27. Washington took the severest measures to keep officers from a.s.sociating with private soldiers.

[403] _Ib._, 227-28.

[404] _Ib._, Jan. 5, 1778; 180.

[405] See Washington's affecting appeal to the soldiers at Valley Forge to keep up their spirits and courage. (Weedon, March 1, 1778, 245-46.)

[406] Channing, ii, 559.

[407] See Rush's anonymous letter to Henry and the correspondence between Henry and Washington concerning the cabal. (Henry, i, 544-51.)

[408] Marshall, i, 217.

[409] Trevelyan, iv, 301.

[410] _Ib._, 303-04.

[411] "The idea that any one Man Alone can save us is too silly for any Body but such weak Men as d.u.c.h.e to harbor for a Moment." (Adams to Rush, Feb. 8, 1778; _Old Family Letters_, 11; and see Lodge: _Washington_, i, 208; also Wallace, chap. ix.)

[412] Sparks, 252; and Marshall, i, 218.

[413] Washington to President of Congress, Dec. 23, 1777; _Writings_: Ford, vi, 257-65. And see Washington's comprehensive plans for the reorganization of the entire military service. (Washington to Committee of Congress, Jan. 28, 1778; _ib._, 300-51.)

[414] _Hist. Mag._, v, 131.

[415] On April 10, 1778, aeda.n.u.s Burke of South Carolina broke a quorum and defied Congress. (Secret Journals of Congress, April 10, 11, 24, 25, 1778, i, 62; and see Hatch, 21.)

[416] Trevelyan, iv, 291-92.

[417] Washington to Harrison, Dec. 18, 1778; _Writings_: Ford, vii, 297-98.

[418] _Ib._

[419] At this period and long after a State was referred to as "the country."

[420] Washington to Harrison, Dec. 18, 1778; _Writings_: Ford, vii, 297-98.

[421] Until after Jefferson's Presidency, our statesmen often spoke of our "empire." Jefferson used the term frequently.

[422] Washington to Harrison, Dec. 18, 1778; _Writings_: Ford, vii, 301-02.

[423] "My estate is a large one ... to wit upwards of ten thousand acres of valuable land on the navigable parts of the James river and two hundred negroes and not a shilling out of it is or ever was under any inc.u.mbrance for debt." (Jefferson to Van Staphorst and Hubbard, Feb. 28, 1790; _Works_: Ford, vi, 33.) At the time of Valley Forge Jefferson's estate was much greater, for he had sold a great deal of land since 1776. (See Jefferson to Lewis, July 29, 1787; _ib._, v, 311.)

[424] Jefferson to Pendleton, July, 1776; _ib._, ii, 219-20.

[425] Jefferson's _Autobiography_; _Works_: Ford, i, 57.

[426] Tucker, i, 92 _et seq._; Randall, i, 199 _et seq._; _Works_: Ford, ii, 310, 323, 324.

[427] Bloodshed, however, Jefferson thought necessary. See _infra_, vol.

II, chap. I.

[428] See vol. II of this work.

[429] Jefferson's _Autobiography_; _Works_: Ford, i, 79.

[430] Burnaby to Washington, April 9, 1788; _Cor. Rev._: Sparks, ii, 100-02. Washington sent no written answer to Burnaby.

[431] See _infra_.

[432] Washington to Banister, April 21, 1778; _Writings_: Ford, vi, 477-87. In thus trying to arouse Congress to a sense of duty, Washington exaggerates the patience of his troops. They complained bitterly; many officers resigned and privates deserted in large numbers. (See _supra_.)

[433] _Ib._

[434] Thayer, 12. For camp sports, see Waldo's poem, _Hist. Mag._, vii, 272-74.

[435] Lossing, ii, 595, _et seq._

[436] Marshall, i, 230. And see Hatch's clear account of the training given by this officer (63). To the work of Von Steuben was due the excellent discipline under fire at Monmouth. And see Kapp, already cited; and Bolton, 132. Even Belcher says that our debt to Von Steuben is as great as that to Lafayette. (Belcher, ii, 14.)

[437] Washington to President of Congress, April 30, 1778; _Writings_: Ford, vi, 507, and footnote to 505-06. And see Channing, iii, 292.

[438] See Channing, iii, 286, 288; and Marshall, i, 235, 236.

[439] Marshall, i, 237.

[440] Sparks, 267; and Moore's _Diary_, i, 48-50.

[441] Washington to McDougall, May 5, 1778; _Writings_: Ford, vii, 6.

Washington was advised of the treaty with the French King before it was formally presented to Congress.

[442] Description by Major Andre, who took part in this amazing performance, reprinted in _American Historical and Literary Curiosities_, following plate 26. And see Moore's _Diary_, ii, 52-56.