CHAPTER 5: UNLAWFUL LECHERY.

1 Aless Aless2 LP LP3 SC SC4 LP LP5 Sergeant Sergeant6 Cavendish: Cavendish: Wolsey; Wolsey; Hall Hall7 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions8 Preface to Gascoigne, by Richard Smith Preface to Gascoigne, by Richard Smith9 LP LP10 Clark Clark11 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions12 Warnicke Warnicke13 Ibid Ibid14 Chronicle of Calais Chronicle of Calais15 Warnicke Warnicke16 Cited by Starkey: Cited by Starkey: Reign of Henry VIII Reign of Henry VIII17 Carles Carles18 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions19 Williams: Williams: Henry VIII and His Court; Henry VIII and His Court; Friedmann Friedmann20 Spelman Spelman21 LP LP22 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions23 Ibid Ibid24 Privy Purse Expenses; Privy Purse Expenses; Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions25 Friedmann Friedmann26 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions27 Privy Purse Expenses; Privy Purse Expenses; Carles Carles28 LP LP29 Friedmann Friedmann30 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions31 Carles Carles32 National Archives, Exchequer: Augmentation Office records, Ancient Deeds Series B, E326 National Archives, Exchequer: Augmentation Office records, Ancient Deeds Series B, E32633 LP LP34 LP; LP; SC SC35 LP LP36 Ibid Ibid37 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions38 Murphy Murphy39 Ives: "Faction;" Childs Ives: "Faction;" Childs40 SC; SC; Letters and Accounts of William Brereton Letters and Accounts of William Brereton41 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions42 LP LP43 Letters and Accounts of William Brereton; Letters and Accounts of William Brereton; Murphy Murphy44 Ives: "Fall Reconsidered" Ives: "Fall Reconsidered"45 LP LP46 Constantine; Murphy; Ives Constantine; Murphy; Ives47 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions48 Gwyn; Gwyn; LP; Lancashire and Cheshire Cases in the Court of Star Chamber LP; Lancashire and Cheshire Cases in the Court of Star Chamber49 Murphy; Ives: "Court and County Palatine" Murphy; Ives: "Court and County Palatine"50 Murphy Murphy51 Ibid Ibid52 Warnicke Warnicke53 Clifford Clifford54 Chronicle of King Henry VIII Chronicle of King Henry VIII55 Privy Purse Expenses; Privy Purse Expenses; SC; Hall; Lowinsky. The "Spanish Chronicle" incorrectly states that Mark was engaged by Anne Boleyn after Katherine of Aragon's death SC; Hall; Lowinsky. The "Spanish Chronicle" incorrectly states that Mark was engaged by Anne Boleyn after Katherine of Aragon's death (Chronicle of King Henry VIII) (Chronicle of King Henry VIII).56 Ives Ives57 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions58 Guicciardini; Lowinsky Guicciardini; Lowinsky59 Lowinsky Lowinsky60 Ibid Ibid61 Chronicle of King Henry VIII Chronicle of King Henry VIII62 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions63 Ibid Ibid64 LP; Privy Purse Expenses LP; Privy Purse Expenses65 Royal ma.n.u.script 20, BXXI, fols. 2-3. This ma.n.u.script later came into the possession of Sir Thomas Wyatt, the poet, whose name is also written on it. See Thomson; Lowinsky. Royal ma.n.u.script 20, BXXI, fols. 2-3. This ma.n.u.script later came into the possession of Sir Thomas Wyatt, the poet, whose name is also written on it. See Thomson; Lowinsky.66 Ives: "Stress, Faction and Ideology," and Wormald, for example Ives: "Stress, Faction and Ideology," and Wormald, for example67 Lowinsky Lowinsky68 Ibid. The choir book is ma.n.u.script 1070 of the Royal College of Music, London. Ibid. The choir book is ma.n.u.script 1070 of the Royal College of Music, London.69 Wyatt: Wyatt: Complete Poems Complete Poems70 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions71 Warnicke Warnicke72 LP LP73 Privy Purse Expenses Privy Purse Expenses74 Lowinsky Lowinsky75 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions76 Warnicke Warnicke77 Pollard: Pollard: Henry VIII Henry VIII78 Ives: "Faction" Ives: "Faction"79 Ives: "Fall Reconsidered" Ives: "Fall Reconsidered"80 Warnicke: "Fall" Warnicke: "Fall"81 LP LP82 Ives: "Fall Reconsidered;" Denny: Ives: "Fall Reconsidered;" Denny: Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn83 Bernard Bernard84 Starkey: Starkey: Six Wives Six Wives85 "Triumphs of English" "Triumphs of English"86 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions87 Fox Fox88 Hall Hall89 LP LP90 Fox Fox91 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions92 LP; LP; Froude, Note D, in Thomas Froude, Note D, in Thomas (LP (LP 911) 911)93 Friedmann Friedmann94 Fox Fox95 "Triumphs of English;" LP; "Triumphs of English;" LP; Bernard: "Fall;" Ives: "Fall Reconsidered" Bernard: "Fall;" Ives: "Fall Reconsidered"96 Forty-Six Lives Forty-Six Lives97 Warnicke: "Fall" Warnicke: "Fall"98 Ibid; Ibid; Forty-Six Lives Forty-Six Lives99 For this theory, see Warnicke: "Fall" For this theory, see Warnicke: "Fall"100 Ibid; Additional ma.n.u.script 12,060, ff20b, 23b; Ibid; Additional ma.n.u.script 12,060, ff20b, 23b; Forty-Six Lives Forty-Six Lives101 Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)102 Fox, citing Carley Fox, citing Carley103 "Triumphs of English" "Triumphs of English"104 Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)105 Warnicke Warnicke

CHAPTER 6: TURNING TRUST TO TREASON.

1 LP; Lisle Letters; LP; Lisle Letters; SC; Ives SC; Ives2 Milherve Milherve3 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions4 Aless Aless5 Carles Carles6 Chronicle of King Henry VIII Chronicle of King Henry VIII7 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters8 Carles Carles9 Warnicke Warnicke10 LP LP. The letter is mutilated.11 LP LP12 Ives Ives13 Childs Childs14 Cited by Smith: Cited by Smith: Henry VIII Henry VIII15 Aless Aless16 LP LP17 Ibid Ibid18 Denny: Denny: Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn19 Chronicle of King Henry VIII Chronicle of King Henry VIII20 Wilson: Wilson: Holbein; Holbein; Constantine Constantine21 Wriothesley Wriothesley22 Constantine Constantine23 Wilson: Wilson: Holbein Holbein24 Wriothesley Wriothesley25 LP LP26 Porter Porter27 LP LP28 Ibid Ibid29 Baga de Secretis Baga de Secretis30 Ives Ives31 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions32 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters33 Ives: "Faction;" Smith: Ives: "Faction;" Smith: Tudor Tragedy Tudor Tragedy34 Carles Carles35 Chronicle of King Henry VIII Chronicle of King Henry VIII36 Carles Carles37 Ives: "Faction" Ives: "Faction"38 Constantine Constantine39 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions40 Carles Carles41 SC SC42 Sergeant Sergeant43 LP LP44 Ibid Ibid45 Ibid Ibid46 Wriothesley; Wriothesley; LP; LP; Carles; Ashmole ma.n.u.scripts; Carles; Ashmole ma.n.u.scripts; Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant47 Constantine Constantine48 LP LP49 Ibid Ibid50 SC SC51 Wriothesley; Wriothesley; LP LP52 Ives Ives

CHAPTER 7: TO THE TOWER.

1 LP LP2 Deans Deans3 Friedmann Friedmann4 LP; LP; Childs Childs5 Denny: Denny: Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn6 Lofts Lofts7 LP LP8 Sir John Hayward. Strickland confuses him with the playwright John Heywood. Sir John Hayward. Strickland confuses him with the playwright John Heywood.9 Ibid Ibid10 LP LP11 Wriothesley Wriothesley12 Sir John Hayward Sir John Hayward13 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters14 Wriothesley Wriothesley15 LP LP16 Hall Hall17 Clark Clark18 Wriothesley Wriothesley19 Ibid Ibid20 Its name appears thus in a plan of the Tower drawn in Its name appears thus in a plan of the Tower drawn in ca ca. 1597, which is only known from an engraving of the lost original done in 1742, which is now in the possession of the Society of Antiquaries of London.21 Wriothesley Wriothesley22 Warnicke a.s.serts that Aless heard the cannonfire on April 30, but no one was committed to the Tower on that day-none of the accused were sent there until May 2. She bases her a.s.sertion on Aless's statement, in his previous paragraph, that he was at Greenwich late at night on April 30. However, he does not state when he returned to London. In the paragraph following the one in which he mentions hearing the cannon, he refers to news of the Queen's arrest spreading "in the morning," i.e., the morning of May 3. As she was imprisoned on the afternoon of May 2, he must have returned to Greenwich on that day. It is highly unlikely that the cannon was fired to mark the lowly Smeaton's committal to the Tower, as Warnicke suggests. Warnicke a.s.serts that Aless heard the cannonfire on April 30, but no one was committed to the Tower on that day-none of the accused were sent there until May 2. She bases her a.s.sertion on Aless's statement, in his previous paragraph, that he was at Greenwich late at night on April 30. However, he does not state when he returned to London. In the paragraph following the one in which he mentions hearing the cannon, he refers to news of the Queen's arrest spreading "in the morning," i.e., the morning of May 3. As she was imprisoned on the afternoon of May 2, he must have returned to Greenwich on that day. It is highly unlikely that the cannon was fired to mark the lowly Smeaton's committal to the Tower, as Warnicke suggests.23 Fraser Fraser24 Wriothesley; George Wyatt Wriothesley; George Wyatt25 George Wyatt George Wyatt26 Wriothesley Wriothesley27 Lofts Lofts28 Warnicke is mistaken in suggesting that Anne was imprisoned in the Beauchamp Tower, also known as the Cobham Tower, which is some distance from the palace; that old tradition was disputed by Elizabeth Benger as far back as 1821. Warnicke is mistaken in suggesting that Anne was imprisoned in the Beauchamp Tower, also known as the Cobham Tower, which is some distance from the palace; that old tradition was disputed by Elizabeth Benger as far back as 1821.29 Tower of London Tower of London30 Fraser Fraser31 LP LP32 LP LP. See "Notes on Sources" under Sir William Kingston.33 Erickson: Erickson: Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn34 "Triumphs of English" "Triumphs of English"35 LP LP36 LP; LP; Warnicke Warnicke37 LP LP38 Ibid Ibid39 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions40 LP LP41 Richardson Richardson42 Hastings Hastings43 Fraser Fraser44 LP LP45 Ibid Ibid46 Ibid Ibid47 Carles Carles48 LP; LP; Friedmann Friedmann49 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions50 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters51 SC; SC; LP LP52 Friedmann Friedmann53 LP LP54 Wriothesley Wriothesley

CHAPTER 8: STAINED IN HER REPUTATION.

1 Du Cann Du Cann2 Erickson: Erickson: First Elizabeth First Elizabeth3 Wriothesley (editorial notes) Wriothesley (editorial notes)4 LP LP5 Ibid Ibid6 Ibid Ibid7 Ives Ives8 LP LP9 Warnicke states incorrectly that this conversation with Weston had taken place a year earlier, but Kingston clearly stated that it occurred on "Whitsun Monday last," i.e., April 24, 1536. Warnicke states incorrectly that this conversation with Weston had taken place a year earlier, but Kingston clearly stated that it occurred on "Whitsun Monday last," i.e., April 24, 1536.10 LP LP11 Ibid Ibid12 Hume Hume13 LP; Lisle Letters; Privy Purse Expenses; LP; Lisle Letters; Privy Purse Expenses; Ives Ives14 LP LP15 Friedmann Friedmann16 LP LP17 Warnicke Warnicke18 Ibid Ibid19 Ives: "Fall Reconsidered" Ives: "Fall Reconsidered"20 Warnicke: "Fall;" Ives Warnicke: "Fall;" Ives21 Lindsey Lindsey22 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters23 LP LP24 Ibid Ibid25 Erickson: Erickson: Great Harry Great Harry26 SC; SC; LP LP27 Now a school known as Carew Manor Now a school known as Carew Manor28 LP LP29 SC SC30 LP LP31 Constantine; Starkey: Constantine; Starkey: Six Wives Six Wives32 Hammond Hammond33 Bell Bell34 Ives; Hamer; Strickland Ives; Hamer; Strickland35 Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant. Anthony Anthony says that Wyatt was taken to the Tower at 9:00 A.M. on May 8, but he is not perhaps the most reliable observer, having almost certainly got the time of Smeaton's arrival there wrong. The Lisle Letters Lisle Letters refer to Page being in the Tower on May 8, not that he was taken there that day. Kingston's second report to Cromwell, probably written on the evening of May 5, refers to the arrests of Wyatt and Page. refer to Page being in the Tower on May 8, not that he was taken there that day. Kingston's second report to Cromwell, probably written on the evening of May 5, refers to the arrests of Wyatt and Page.36 LP; Lisle Letters LP; Lisle Letters37 Murphy Murphy38 Friedmann Friedmann39 For Sir Thomas Wyatt, see Muir; Thomson and Wyatt: For Sir Thomas Wyatt, see Muir; Thomson and Wyatt: Complete Poems Complete Poems40 Rivals in Power Rivals in Power41 Wyatt: Wyatt: Complete Poems; LP Complete Poems; LP42 George Wyatt George Wyatt43 Ibid Ibid44 Ibid Ibid45 Ibid Ibid46 SC; SC; LP LP47 Ives: "Faction" Ives: "Faction"48 Ibid; Paul Ibid; Paul49 Denny: Denny: Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn50 LP LP

CHAPTER 9: THE MOST MISCHIEVOUS AND ABOMINABLE TREASONS.

1 Fox Fox2 LP LP3 Ives; Carles Ives; Carles4 LP LP5 Ives Ives6 Starkey: Starkey: Six Wives Six Wives7 Ives Ives8 LP LP9 Chronicle of King Henry VIII Chronicle of King Henry VIII10 LP LP. The original is Cotton ma.n.u.script Otho CX 228.11 LP LP12 Love Letters of Henry VIII Love Letters of Henry VIII, ed. Ridley13 Love Letters of Henry VIII Love Letters of Henry VIII, ed. Savage14 Strickland Strickland15 Ibid Ibid16 LP LP17 Ibid Ibid18 Ibid Ibid19 Ibid Ibid20 Ibid Ibid21 Ibid Ibid22 Ibid Ibid23 Murphy Murphy24 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters25 Ibid Ibid26 LP LP27 Ibid Ibid28 Baga de Secretis Baga de Secretis29 Miller Miller30 Baga de Secretis Baga de Secretis. I am indebted to Glen Lucas for his translations of the indictments and summary of the offenses cited in both.31 Ibid Ibid32 Ives: "Faction" Ives: "Faction"33 Warnicke: "Fall" Warnicke: "Fall"34 Ives Ives35 Ibid Ibid36 George Wyatt George Wyatt37 See Ives: "Fall Reconsidered" See Ives: "Fall Reconsidered"38 Bernard: "Fall: Rejoinder" Bernard: "Fall: Rejoinder"39 LP LP40 Ives Ives41 Bernard Bernard42 Ibid Ibid43 LP LP44 Ibid Ibid45 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters46 Lindsey Lindsey47 State Papers; State Papers; Constantine; Constantine; LP LP48 Ives; Lindsey Ives; Lindsey49 Denny: Denny: Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn50 Williams: Williams: Henry VIII and His Court Henry VIII and His Court51 LP; LP; Fox Fox52 Baga de Secretis Baga de Secretis53 LP LP54 Ibid Ibid55 Friedmann Friedmann56 Ibid Ibid57 LP LP58 Friedmann Friedmann59 SC SC60 Carles Carles

CHAPTER 10: MORE ACCUSED THAN CONVICTED.

1 Starkey: Starkey: Six Wives Six Wives2 Cited by Strickland Cited by Strickland3 Wriothesley; Starkey: Wriothesley; Starkey: Six Wives Six Wives4 Wriothesley Wriothesley5 Baga de Secretis; Baga de Secretis; Churchill Churchill6 LP LP7 Hamer; Denny: Hamer; Denny: Anne Boleyn; Anne Boleyn; Ives Ives8 Friedmann Friedmann9 Hastings Hastings10 Wriothesley Wriothesley11 Hastings Hastings12 Spelman Spelman13 Stow Stow14 Baga de Secretis Baga de Secretis15 Spelman; SC Spelman; SC16 Baga de Secretis Baga de Secretis17 Wriothesley (editorial notes) Wriothesley (editorial notes)18 Spelman Spelman19 Wriothesley (editorial notes) Wriothesley (editorial notes)20 Constantine Constantine21 Friedmann Friedmann22 Wriothesley; Spelman; Wriothesley; Spelman; Baga de Secretis Baga de Secretis23 Carles Carles24 Ibid Ibid25 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters26 LP LP27 Ibid Ibid28 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters29 Ives Ives30 Complete Peerage Complete Peerage31 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters32 Cf Cf LP LP33 LP LP34 Ibid Ibid35 Ibid Ibid36 Ibid Ibid37 Ibid Ibid38 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters39 Carles Carles40 Ibid Ibid41 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters42 Ibid Ibid43 LP LP44 Wriothesley Wriothesley45 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters46 Baga de Secretis Baga de Secretis47 Baga de Secretis; Baga de Secretis; Friedmann. The latter lists only twenty-six peers. Friedmann. The latter lists only twenty-six peers.48 LP LP49 Ibid Ibid50 Ibid Ibid51 Ibid Ibid52 Ibid Ibid53 Ibid Ibid54 Ibid Ibid55 Ibid Ibid56 Ibid Ibid57 LP; LP; Wriothesley; Starkey: Wriothesley; Starkey: Six Wives; Six Wives; Brayley, Brewer, and Nightingale; Lewis; Batey Brayley, Brewer, and Nightingale; Lewis; Batey58 Roper Roper59 SC SC60 Warnicke Warnicke61 SC; Warnicke: "Fall" SC; Warnicke: "Fall"62 Wriothesley Wriothesley63 The original plan is lost, but a copy made in 1742 is now in the collection of the Society of Antiquaries of London. The original plan is lost, but a copy made in 1742 is now in the collection of the Society of Antiquaries of London.64 Wriothesley; Harleian ma.n.u.scripts Wriothesley; Harleian ma.n.u.scripts65 Benger Benger66 Wriothesley Wriothesley67 Churchill; Miller Churchill; Miller68 Wriothesley; Harleian ma.n.u.scripts; Wriothesley; Harleian ma.n.u.scripts; State Trials State Trials69 Constantine Constantine70 Complete Peerage Complete Peerage71 Baga de Secretis Baga de Secretis72 Miller; Friedmann Miller; Friedmann73 Wriothesley Wriothesley74 Loades: Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens Henry VIII and His Queens75 Cavendish: Cavendish: Wolsey; LP; Wolsey; LP; Percy ma.n.u.scripts Percy ma.n.u.scripts76 LP LP77 "Triumphs of English" "Triumphs of English"78 Baga de Secretis; Baga de Secretis; Friedmann; Friedmann; Complete Peerage; Dictionary of National Biography Complete Peerage; Dictionary of National Biography79 Baga de Secretis Baga de Secretis80 Murphy Murphy81 Friedmann Friedmann82 Snowden Snowden83 LP LP84 Ibid Ibid85 Ibid Ibid86 Wriothesley Wriothesley87 SC SC88 Churchill Churchill89 SC SC90 LP LP91 Ives: "Faction" Ives: "Faction"92 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911) 911)93 Ives: "Fall Reconsidered" Ives: "Fall Reconsidered"94 Starkey: Starkey: Six Wives Six Wives95 LP LP96 Burnet Burnet

CHAPTER 11: FIGHTING WITHOUT A WEAPON.

1 Wriothesley Wriothesley2 Deans Deans3 Carles Carles4 Wriothesley Wriothesley5 Carles Carles6 Younghusband Younghusband7 Carles Carles8 There is a fifteenth century ceremonial axe in the Tower of London, but it is not known if this was the axe carried at Anne Boleyn's trial. There is a fifteenth century ceremonial axe in the Tower of London, but it is not known if this was the axe carried at Anne Boleyn's trial.9 Carles Carles10 Aless Aless11 SC SC12 Wriothesley; Carles Wriothesley; Carles13 Wriothesley Wriothesley14 Spelman Spelman15 Carles Carles16 Childs; Fox Childs; Fox17 LP LP18 This word is often mistranslated as "medals" This word is often mistranslated as "medals" (medailles) (medailles), but is more likely to be "metals" (metals) (metals).19 LP LP20 Ibid Ibid21 Wriothesley; Ridley: Wriothesley; Ridley: Henry VIII Henry VIII22 LP LP23 Ibid Ibid24 Wriothesley Wriothesley25 Burnet Burnet26 LP LP27 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions28 Dunn Dunn29 Harleian ma.n.u.scripts Harleian ma.n.u.scripts30 LP LP31 Milherve; Spelman Milherve; Spelman32 Fox Fox33 Rivals in Power Rivals in Power34 Hastings Hastings35 Wriothesley Wriothesley36 Baga de Secretis Baga de Secretis37 State Trials State Trials38 Loades: Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens Henry VIII and His Queens39 George Wyatt George Wyatt40 Carles Carles41 Additional Ma.n.u.scripts Additional Ma.n.u.scripts42 Carles; Carles; LP LP43 LP LP44 Levine Levine45 Ibid Ibid46 Kelly Kelly47 Cited by Erickson: Cited by Erickson: First Elizabeth First Elizabeth48 Harleian ma.n.u.scripts Harleian ma.n.u.scripts49 Warnicke Warnicke50 Wriothesley; Carles; Constantine; Wriothesley; Carles; Constantine; Baga de Secretis Baga de Secretis51 Doran states that burning was the penalty for incest, but incest did not become a crime in England until 1583. Doran states that burning was the penalty for incest, but incest did not become a crime in England until 1583.52 SC; SC; LP; LP; Ives Ives53 LP LP54 Ibid Ibid55 Carles Carles56 LP LP57 Spelman Spelman58 Anthony Anthony59 Harleian ma.n.u.scripts Harleian ma.n.u.scripts60 LP LP61 SC SC62 LP LP63 Harleian ma.n.u.scripts Harleian ma.n.u.scripts64 Impey and Parnell; Fraser Impey and Parnell; Fraser65 LP LP66 Wriothesley Wriothesley67 Carles incorrectly states that Rochford was tried before Anne. Carles incorrectly states that Rochford was tried before Anne.68 Wriothesley Wriothesley69 SC; Carles; Thomas Fuller; SC; Carles; Thomas Fuller; Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107); George Wyatt; Foxe 1107); George Wyatt; Foxe70 SC SC71 LP LP72 Ibid Ibid73 Carles Carles74 Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)75 Loades: Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens Henry VIII and His Queens76 LP LP77 Denny: Denny: Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn78 Norton Norton79 Dunn Dunn80 Kittredge Kittredge81 Kelly Kelly82 Cited by Denny: Cited by Denny: Katherine Howard Katherine Howard83 Fraser Fraser84 SC SC85 Warnicke Warnicke86 Erickson: Erickson: b.l.o.o.d.y Mary b.l.o.o.d.y Mary87 LP LP88 Carles Carles89 The site of the public gallows at Tyburn is by Marble Arch in London. The site of the public gallows at Tyburn is by Marble Arch in London.90 Wriothesley Wriothesley91 Cited by Hamer Cited by Hamer92 LP; LP; Carles Carles93 LP LP94 Wriothesley Wriothesley95 LP LP96 Ibid Ibid97 VC VC98 LP LP99 Ibid Ibid

CHAPTER 12: JUST, TRUE, AND LAWFUL IMPEDIMENTS.

1 Chapman: Chapman: Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn2 Loades: Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens Henry VIII and His Queens3 LP LP4 LP LP. The original is Cotton Lib. Otho C.10.5 Rymer; Wilkins; Ridley: Rymer; Wilkins; Ridley: Henry VIII Henry VIII6 Statutes of the Realm Statutes of the Realm7 Ibid Ibid8 Wriothesley (editorial notes) Wriothesley (editorial notes)9 Warnicke Warnicke10 Loades: Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens Henry VIII and His Queens11 Wriothesley Wriothesley12 LP LP. Ellis, the editor of Original Letters Original Letters, misread Kingston's text, and mistook "anonre" for Antwerp, when in fact it should read "a nunnery." In so doing, he perpetrated the myth that Anne believed she was to be sent abroad to a nunnery in Antwerp.13 Kelly Kelly14 LP LP15 Ibid Ibid16 Ibid Ibid17 Ibid Ibid18 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911) 911)19 LP LP20 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911) 911)21 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions22 Friedmann Friedmann23 Ridley: Ridley: Henry VIII Henry VIII24 LP LP25 Her will is in the Cheshire Record Office: DCH/E 294. Her will is in the Cheshire Record Office: DCH/E 294.26 LP LP27 Chronicle of Calais Chronicle of Calais28 Abbott. In the eighteenth century Horace Walpole recorded-with scant regard for accuracy-that "the axe that beheaded Anne Boleyn" was on display at the Tower. Abbott. In the eighteenth century Horace Walpole recorded-with scant regard for accuracy-that "the axe that beheaded Anne Boleyn" was on display at the Tower.29 Chronicle of Calais Chronicle of Calais30 LP LP31 Fraser Fraser32 SC SC33 National Archives C.193/3, f.80; Ives National Archives C.193/3, f.80; Ives34 LP LP35 For examples of journey times in this period, see Armstrong. For examples of journey times in this period, see Armstrong.36 LP LP37 Carles Carles38 Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)39 Wriothesley; Wriothesley; Lisle Letters; Lisle Letters; SC; Froude, Note D in Thomas SC; Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911); Starkey: 911); Starkey: Six Wives Six Wives40 LP LP41 ma.n.u.script in Trinity College, Dublin, discovered in 1959; Ives; Muir ma.n.u.script in Trinity College, Dublin, discovered in 1959; Ives; Muir42 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters43 Rivals in Power; Rivals in Power; Jankofsky; Warnicke Jankofsky; Warnicke44 Wriothesley Wriothesley45 According to the account in the reliable contemporary chronicle written by Charles Wriothesley, Rochford told the a.s.sembled people, "Masters all, I am come hither not to preach and make a sermon, but to die as the law hath found me, and to the law I submit me, desiring you all, and specially you, my masters of the court, that you will trust on G.o.d specially, and not on the vanities of the world; for if I had so done, I think I had been alive as ye be now. Also I desire you to help to the setting forth of the true word of G.o.d, and whereas I am slandered by it, I have been diligent to read it and set it forth truly; but if I had been as diligent to observe it, and done and lived thereafter, as I was to read it and set it forth, I had not come hereto, wherefore I beseech you all to be workers and live thereafter, and not to read it and live not thereafter. As for mine offenses, it can not prevail [benefit] you to hear them that I die here for, but I beseech G.o.d that I may be an example to you all, and that all you may beware [the text says "be wayre," which could also mean "be aware"] by me, and heartily I require you all to pray for me and to forgive me if I have offended you; and I forgive you all, and G.o.d save the King!" According to the account in the reliable contemporary chronicle written by Charles Wriothesley, Rochford told the a.s.sembled people, "Masters all, I am come hither not to preach and make a sermon, but to die as the law hath found me, and to the law I submit me, desiring you all, and specially you, my masters of the court, that you will trust on G.o.d specially, and not on the vanities of the world; for if I had so done, I think I had been alive as ye be now. Also I desire you to help to the setting forth of the true word of G.o.d, and whereas I am slandered by it, I have been diligent to read it and set it forth truly; but if I had been as diligent to observe it, and done and lived thereafter, as I was to read it and set it forth, I had not come hereto, wherefore I beseech you all to be workers and live thereafter, and not to read it and live not thereafter. As for mine offenses, it can not prevail [benefit] you to hear them that I die here for, but I beseech G.o.d that I may be an example to you all, and that all you may beware [the text says "be wayre," which could also mean "be aware"] by me, and heartily I require you all to pray for me and to forgive me if I have offended you; and I forgive you all, and G.o.d save the King!"In the contemporary Imperialist eyewitness account of the executions in the Vienna Archives (printed in Thomas), there is a very similar version of this speech, which was described by the writer as "a very Catholic address to the people," in which Rochford said "he had not come hither to preach but to serve as a mirror and example, acknowledging the crimes he had committed against G.o.d and against the King his sovereign; there was no occasion for him, he said, to repeat the cause for which he was condemned; they would have little pleasure in hearing him tell it. He prayed G.o.d, and he prayed the King, to pardon his offenses; and all others whom he might have injured, he also prayed them to forgive him as heartily as he forgave everyone. He bade his hearers avoid the vanities of the world and the flatteries of the court, which had brought him to the shameful end that had overtaken him. Had he obeyed the lessons of that Gospel which he had so often read, he said he should not have fallen so far; it was worth more to be a good doer than a good reader. Finally, he forgave those who had adjudged him to die, and he desired them [the people] to pray for his soul."The Portuguese account, written on June 10, has Rochford saying: "From my mishap, ye may learn not to set your thoughts upon the vanities of this world, and least of all upon the flatteries of the court and the favors and treacheries of Fortune, which only raiseth men aloft that, with so much the greater force, she may dash them again upon the ground." Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)In another version of his speech, Rochford declared: "I was a great reader and a mighty debater of the Word of G.o.d, and one of those who most favored the Gospel of Jesus Christ. Wherefore, lest the Word of G.o.d should be brought into reproach on my account, I now tell you all, sirs, that if I had in very deed kept His holy word, even as I read and reasoned about it with all the strength of my wit, certain am I that I should not be in the piteous condition wherein I now stand. Truly and diligently did I read the Gospel of Jesus Christ, but I turned not to profit that which I did read; the which, had I done, of a surety I had not fallen into so great errors. Wherefore I do beseech you all, for the love of our Lord G.o.d, that ye do at all seasons hold by the truth, and speak it and embrace it; for beyond all peradventure, better profiteth he who readeth not and yet doeth well, than he who readeth much and yet liveth in sin." (LP) (LP)According to the author of the "Spanish Chronicle," Rochford said, "I beg you pray to G.o.d for me, for by the trial I have to pa.s.s through I am blameless, and never even knew that my sister was bad. Guiltless as I am, I pray G.o.d to have mercy on my soul." This version was almost certainly fabricated.George Constantine, far more concise, wrote that Rochford, after exhorting his companions to "die courageously" and the crowd to "live according to the Gospel, not in preaching, but in practice," said "words to the effect that he had rather had a good liver according to the Gospel than ten babblers." He added, "I desire you that no man will be discouraged from the Gospel by my fall. For if I had lived according to the Gospel, as I loved it and spake of it, I had never come to this. As for mine offenses, I cannot prevail you to hear them that I die here for, but I beseech G.o.d that I may be an example to you all."Chapuys, who, perhaps deliberately, misinterpreted Rochford's statements about religion, reported that he "disclaimed all that he was charged with, confessing, however, that he had deserved death for having been so much contaminated, and having contaminated others, with these new sects, and he prayed everyone to abandon such heresies." (LP) (LP) Chapuys later informed Dr. Ortiz that Rochford (whom Ortiz, in his report of June 11, confused with Norris, "the princ.i.p.al gentleman of the King's Chamber") "said a great deal about the justice of his death, and that a favored servant ought not to flatter his prince and consent to his desires, as he had done." Chapuys later informed Dr. Ortiz that Rochford (whom Ortiz, in his report of June 11, confused with Norris, "the princ.i.p.al gentleman of the King's Chamber") "said a great deal about the justice of his death, and that a favored servant ought not to flatter his prince and consent to his desires, as he had done." (LP) (LP) It cannot have been Norris who uttered these words because according to the eyewitness accounts, he did not have "a great deal" to say on the scaffold. It cannot have been Norris who uttered these words because according to the eyewitness accounts, he did not have "a great deal" to say on the scaffold.46 Abbott; Abbott; Chronicle of King Henry VIII Chronicle of King Henry VIII. While rejecting the speeches that the author of the "Spanish Chronicle" put into the mouths of the condemned, which he may not have been able to hear, we might yet accept his claim that three strokes were needed to behead Rochford, which any bystander could plainly have seen.47 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911) 911)48 Ibid Ibid49 Lofts Lofts50 Warnicke Warnicke51 Carles Carles52 Constantine Constantine53 SC SC54 Brysson Morrison Brysson Morrison55 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911) 911)56 LP LP57 Abbott Abbott58 Wriothesley Wriothesley59 Bayley Bayley60 Wriothesley; Carles Wriothesley; Carles61 Abbott. The Norris family had lived there until 1517, when Sir John Norris, Henry's father, had to surrender the estate in return for a pardon for the murder of one John Enhold. Ockwells was then granted to John Norris's uncle, Sir Thomas Fettiplace, and it was the Fettiplaces who were supposed to have claimed Sir Henry Norris's head in 1536. A large part of the manor house was burned down in 1845. Abbott. The Norris family had lived there until 1517, when Sir John Norris, Henry's father, had to surrender the estate in return for a pardon for the murder of one John Enhold. Ockwells was then granted to John Norris's uncle, Sir Thomas Fettiplace, and it was the Fettiplaces who were supposed to have claimed Sir Henry Norris's head in 1536. A large part of the manor house was burned down in 1845.62 Abbott Abbott63 LP LP64 Ibid Ibid65 Loades: Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens Henry VIII and His Queens66 Carles Carles67 Ibid Ibid68 Milherve Milherve69 Wilkins Wilkins70 Wilkins; Wriothesley Wilkins; Wriothesley71 Friedmann Friedmann72 LP; LP; Wriothesley Wriothesley73 Ives Ives74 Wriothesley Wriothesley75 Kelly Kelly76 LP LP77 Ives: "Fall Reconsidered" Ives: "Fall Reconsidered"78 LP; LP; Rymer Rymer

CHAPTER 13: FOR NOW I DIE.

1 Lisle Letters; Lisle Letters; the "Spanish Chronicle" states that they brought Anne out to die "the next morning" after the scaffold had been built. the "Spanish Chronicle" states that they brought Anne out to die "the next morning" after the scaffold had been built.2 LP LP3 Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)4 Ives; Parnell Ives; Parnell5 Parnell Parnell6 Ibid Ibid7 Ives; Parnell Ives; Parnell8 Ives Ives9 LP LP10 Carles Carles11 LP; LP; SC SC12 LP LP13 Ibid Ibid14 Ibid Ibid15 Ibid Ibid16 As do George Wyatt and Camden As do George Wyatt and Camden17 Ives Ives18 LP LP19 Carles Carles20 LP LP21 Carles Carles22 Ibid Ibid23 Friedmann; Warnicke Friedmann; Warnicke24 LP LP25 SC SC26 Lindsey Lindsey27 LP LP28 Ibid Ibid29 SC SC30 See, for example, Strickland See, for example, Strickland31 Ridley: Ridley: Henry VIII Henry VIII32 LP LP33 Abbott Abbott34 Wriothesley; Wriothesley; Chronicle of King Henry VIII Chronicle of King Henry VIII35 Carles Carles36 Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)37 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP9 (LP911)38 LP; LP; Norris Norris39 Carles Carles40 LP LP41 Ibid Ibid42 Excerpta Historica Excerpta Historica ( (LP911); Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant; LP; Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant; LP; Carles Carles43 Sergeant; Warnicke Sergeant; Warnicke44 Milherve; Milherve; Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)45 Miscellaneous Antiquities; Miscellaneous Antiquities; Strickland Strickland46 Some sources call her Mary, but there is no record of a Mary Wyatt, nor does a Mary Wyatt appear in the extensive pedigree drawn up by David Loades in his edition of George Wyatt's papers. Some sources call her Mary, but there is no record of a Mary Wyatt, nor does a Mary Wyatt appear in the extensive pedigree drawn up by David Loades in his edition of George Wyatt's papers.47 Hare; Hare; Westminster Abbey Westminster Abbey guidebooks guidebooks48 Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)49 Froude, Note D in Thomas ( Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP 911); Carles 911); Carles50 Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)51 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911); 911); Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant; LP Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant; LP52 Abbott; Younghusband Abbott; Younghusband53 Chapman: Chapman: Anne Boleyn Anne Boleyn54 Ives; Impey and Parnell Ives; Impey and Parnell55 Carles Carles56 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters57 LP LP58 Foxe Foxe59 LP; LP; Wriothesley Wriothesley60 Wriothesley Wriothesley61 Murphy Murphy62 Chapman: Chapman: Two Tudor Portraits Two Tudor Portraits63 Cited by Murphy Cited by Murphy64 Wriothesley Wriothesley65 Harleian ma.n.u.scripts Harleian ma.n.u.scripts66 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911) 911)67 Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)68 Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant; LP; Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant; LP; Froude, Note D in Thomas ( Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP911)69 Henry VIII: A European Court in England Henry VIII: A European Court in England70 Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant71 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911) 911)72 Ibid Ibid73 Chronicle of King Henry VIII; Chronicle of King Henry VIII; Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911) 911)74 Wriothesley; Harleian ma.n.u.scripts Wriothesley; Harleian ma.n.u.scripts75 Carles Carles76 LP LP77 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911) 911)78 Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)79 Herbert; Strype Herbert; Strype80 Chronicle of King Henry VIII Chronicle of King Henry VIII81 LP LP82 Carles Carles83 Ives Ives84 Milherve Milherve85 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911); 911); Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107); Aless 1107); Aless86 Carles Carles87 Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)88 Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant89 Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107). Wyatt family tradition had it that, on the scaffold, Anne gave the prayer book she was carrying to Margaret Wyatt, who thereafter always wore it on a chain in her bosom (Strickland). It is sometimes claimed that this prayer book was the illuminated "Hours of the Blessed Virgin Mary," which had been made for Anne in 1528 in France, and which she inscribed: 1107). Wyatt family tradition had it that, on the scaffold, Anne gave the prayer book she was carrying to Margaret Wyatt, who thereafter always wore it on a chain in her bosom (Strickland). It is sometimes claimed that this prayer book was the illuminated "Hours of the Blessed Virgin Mary," which had been made for Anne in 1528 in France, and which she inscribed: Remember me when you do pray, that hope doth lead from day to day Remember me when you do pray, that hope doth lead from day to day. This book is now on display at Anne's former family home, Hever Castle in Kent.However, this cannot have been the prayer book Anne is said to have given to Margaret Wyatt, which was preserved in the latter's family for generations, and was shown in 1721 to the engraver and antiquary George Vertue by its then owner, Mr. George Wyatt of Charterhouse Square, London. It was also mentioned in Horace Walpole's Miscellaneous Antiquities Miscellaneous Antiquities, printed at Strawberry Hill in 1772. In 1817, George Wyatt's editor, Samuel Singer, claimed that the Wyatt prayer book was in the possession of the publisher Robert Triphook, who himself produced another edition of Wyatt's memoirs of Anne Boleyn, which was privately printed in that year. However, the description of Triphook's book differs from that of the Wyatt prayer book, which was then still in the family's possession.The Wyatt prayer book is now Stowe ma.n.u.script 956 in the British Library. It is bound in pure, richly chased gold enameled in black, in an intricate pattern, and closely resembles one of Holbein's designs for jewelry and goldsmiths' work, having the same arabesque ornaments. It measures not quite two inches in length and just over an inch and a half in width, and has a ring for threading through a neck chain or girdle. Small as it is, it contains 104 leaves of vellum, on which are inscribed metrical versions of twelve abridged psalms by the Tudor lawyer and writer John Croke. Tiny prayer books like this one had been given by Anne Boleyn, in happier days, to all her ladies, as aids to devotion.It is not inconceivable that Holbein himself designed this example for Anne Boleyn, although far more likely that it was commissioned for the Wyatts, as his original drawing shows the initials T.W.I., which are missing from the prayer book binding. These initials suggest that the prayer book was made to mark the marriage of the poet Wyatt's son, another Thomas Wyatt, to Jane Haute in 1537, a theory borne out by that indefatigable researcher George Wyatt's failure to mention it in his account of Anne Boleyn. Nor is it mentioned in the family memorials compiled by his descendant, Richard Wyatt, in 1727.The tale of Anne giving the prayer book to Margaret Wyatt would appear to arise from a misreading of the first-recorded mention of the book in George Vertue's ma.n.u.scripts; in his "Notes on Fine Arts" (1745) he says he saw in the possession of Richard Wyatt "a most curious little prayer book ma.n.u.script on vellum, set in gold, ornaments graved gold, enameled black-such as were given to Queen Anne Boleyn's maids-of-honor-and was thus given to one of the Wyatt family, and has been preserved for seven generations to this time." This only states that Anne gave such books to her ladies-which is attested elsewhere-and that she gave one to a lady of the Wyatt family who served her. No mention is made of this gift being given on the scaffold, and that circ.u.mstance seems to have been inferred by later writers. There is also no record of any lady of the Wyatt family serving Anne Boleyn as a maid-of-honor. Jane Haute pa.s.sed on what she knew of Anne Boleyn to her son George Wyatt, so if she knew anything about a prayer book, he would surely have recorded it. (See On a Ma.n.u.script Book of Prayers) On a Ma.n.u.script Book of Prayers)90 Chronicle of King Henry VIII Chronicle of King Henry VIII91 Abbott Abbott92 Wriothesley; Wriothesley; Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)93 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911) 911)94 Aless Aless95 Carles Carles96 Chronicle of King Henry VIII Chronicle of King Henry VIII97 Carles; Froude, Note D in Thomas ( Carles; Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP911); Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)98 Harleian ma.n.u.scripts Harleian ma.n.u.scripts99 Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant; Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant; Froude: Froude: Pilgrim (LP Pilgrim (LP 911) 911)100 Wriothesley Wriothesley101 Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant102 Ibid Ibid103 Younghusband Younghusband104 Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107); George Wyatt 1107); George Wyatt105 Wriothesley Wriothesley106 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911) 911)107 Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)108 Ridley: Ridley: Henry VIII Henry VIII109 Chronicle of King Henry VIII Chronicle of King Henry VIII110 Abbott Abbott111 Chronicle of King Henry VIII Chronicle of King Henry VIII112 Ibid; Tytler; Strickland Ibid; Tytler; Strickland113 George Wyatt George Wyatt114 Carles Carles115 Abbott Abbott116 Chronicle of King Henry VIII Chronicle of King Henry VIII117 George Wyatt George Wyatt118 Carles Carles119 Wriothesley Wriothesley120 Chronicle of King Henry VIII Chronicle of King Henry VIII121 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911) 911)122 LP LP123 Milherve; Milherve; Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant Histoire de la Royne Anne de Boullant124 SC SC125 Erickson: Erickson: First Elizabeth First Elizabeth126 Carles Carles127 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911) 911)128 Anthony; Abbott Anthony; Abbott129 Carles. Annabel Geddes, the former Director of the London Tourist Board who founded the London Dungeon, has suggested that Anne's head was sewn back onto her body by her women before burial, as Charles I's was in 1649, but no eyewitness account mentions this. Carles. Annabel Geddes, the former Director of the London Tourist Board who founded the London Dungeon, has suggested that Anne's head was sewn back onto her body by her women before burial, as Charles I's was in 1649, but no eyewitness account mentions this.130 LP LP131 Wriothesley Wriothesley132 Wainewright; Wriothesley Wainewright; Wriothesley133 Maria Hayward; Ives Maria Hayward; Ives134 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters135 LP LP136 Froude, Note D in Thomas Froude, Note D in Thomas (LP (LP 911) 911)137 Harleian ma.n.u.scripts Harleian ma.n.u.scripts138 Bell Bell

CHAPTER 14: WHEN DEATH HATH PLAYED HIS PART.

1 LP LP2 Ibid Ibid3 Ibid Ibid4 Corpus Reformatorum Corpus Reformatorum5 SC SC6 State Papers State Papers7 LP LP8 Ibid Ibid9 Ives; "Faction" Ives; "Faction"10 LP LP11 Ibid Ibid12 LP; LP; Erickson: Erickson: First Elizabeth First Elizabeth13 LP LP14 Friedmann Friedmann15 Ives: "Frenchman" Ives: "Frenchman"16 LP LP17 Constantine Constantine18 Friedmann Friedmann19 Williams: Williams: Henry VIII and His Court Henry VIII and His Court20 LP LP21 Jenkins Jenkins22 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters23 Rawlinson ma.n.u.scripts Rawlinson ma.n.u.scripts24 Gross Gross25 Additional Ma.n.u.scripts; Fraser Additional Ma.n.u.scripts; Fraser26 History of the King's Works; History of the King's Works; Fraser Fraser27 Coverdale's Bible, with Anne Boleyn's initials embossed on the binding, is now in the British Library. Coverdale's Bible, with Anne Boleyn's initials embossed on the binding, is now in the British Library.28 LP LP29 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters30 LP LP31 Hall Hall32 LP LP33 Ibid Ibid34 Ibid Ibid35 LP; LP; Warnicke Warnicke36 LP LP37 Ibid Ibid38 LP LP39 Foxe Foxe40 Lisle Letters; LP Lisle Letters; LP41 Harleian ma.n.u.scripts Harleian ma.n.u.scripts42 LP LP43 LP; Lisle Letters LP; Lisle Letters44 LP; Lisle Letters; Complete Peerage LP; Lisle Letters; Complete Peerage45 Wriothesley Wriothesley46 Journals of the House of Lords Journals of the House of Lords47 Lisle Letters; LP Lisle Letters; LP48 LP; LP; Wriothesley (editorial notes); Kelly Wriothesley (editorial notes); Kelly49 LP LP50 Statutes of the Realm Statutes of the Realm51 Elton: Elton: Policy and Police Policy and Police52 LP LP53 Ibid Ibid54 Lisle Letters; LP Lisle Letters; LP55 She died at Reading Place, a tenement of the Abbot of Reading, in the Ward of Baynard's Castle in London, and was buried in the Howard aisle in St. Mary's Church, Lambeth She died at Reading Place, a tenement of the Abbot of Reading, in the Ward of Baynard's Castle in London, and was buried in the Howard aisle in St. Mary's Church, Lambeth (LP; (LP; Nichols). Nichols).56 LP LP57 Ibid Ibid58 Dictionary of National Biography; Complete Peerage Dictionary of National Biography; Complete Peerage59 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions60 LP LP61 Ibid Ibid62 LP LP. The original is Cotton ma.n.u.script Vespasian, FXIII, f199.63 Porter Porter64 LP LP65 Ibid Ibid66 LP; LP; Fox Fox67 Smith: Smith: Tudor Tragedy Tudor Tragedy68 Cited by Williams in Cited by Williams in Henry VIII and His Court Henry VIII and His Court.69 Smith: Smith: Tudor Tragedy Tudor Tragedy70 Statutes of the Realm Statutes of the Realm71 SC SC72 LP LP73 Original Letters Original Letters74 By Julia Fox By Julia Fox in Jane Boleyn in Jane Boleyn75 LP LP76 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters77 LP; Lisle Letters LP; Lisle Letters78 Henry VIII: A European Court in England Henry VIII: A European Court in England79 LP LP80 Ibid Ibid81 Ibid Ibid82 Ibid Ibid83 Ibid. Later, in 1538, Audley was given Walden Abbey in Ess.e.x, which he converted into Audley End House; the present house was built on its site in the early seventeenth century. Ibid. Later, in 1538, Audley was given Walden Abbey in Ess.e.x, which he converted into Audley End House; the present house was built on its site in the early seventeenth century.84 Murphy Murphy85 LP LP86 The Renaissance at Sutton Place; LP; The Renaissance at Sutton Place; LP; Royal ma.n.u.scripts Royal ma.n.u.scripts87 LP LP88 Ibid Ibid89 Murphy Murphy

CHAPTER 15: THE CONCUBINE'S LITTLE b.a.s.t.a.r.d.

1 Neale: Neale: Elizabeth Elizabeth2 Williams: Williams: Elizabeth; LP Elizabeth; LP3 LP LP4 Perry Perry5 Waldman Waldman6 LP LP7 Neale Neale8 LP LP9 Cotton ma.n.u.script Otho Cotton ma.n.u.script Otho10 LP LP11 Ibid Ibid12 Ibid Ibid13 Ibid Ibid14 Excerpta Historica (LP Excerpta Historica (LP 1107) 1107)15 LP LP16 Ibid Ibid17 Erickson: Erickson: First Elizabeth First Elizabeth18 LP LP19 VC VC20 Clifford; Prescott Clifford; Prescott21 VC VC22 SC SC23 VC VC24 SC SC25 LP LP26 Cited by Neale in Cited by Neale in Elizabeth Elizabeth27 Lisle Letters Lisle Letters28 Cited by Somerset Cited by Somerset29 Ridley: Ridley: Elizabeth I Elizabeth I30 Strype Strype31 Cited by Somerset Cited by Somerset32 Relations Politiques de France avec l'Ecosse Relations Politiques de France avec l'Ecosse33 SC SC34 Erickson: Erickson: First Elizabeth First Elizabeth35 Gristwood Gristwood36 Foxe Foxe37 Arnold Arnold38 VC VC39 Ibid Ibid40 Erickson: Erickson: First Elizabeth First Elizabeth41 Jenkins. It is often stated that she made only two recorded references to Anne Boleyn, but that is not true. Jenkins. It is often stated that she made only two recorded references to Anne Boleyn, but that is not true.42 Somerset Somerset43 Statutes of the Realm; Statutes of the Realm; Ridley: Ridley: Elizabeth; Elizabeth; Neale: Neale: Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments; Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments; Johnson Johnson44 Dunn Dunn45 VC VC46 Somerset Somerset47 Ibid Ibid48 "Household Expenses" "Household Expenses"49 Parker Parker50 Calendar of State Papers, Foreign; Calendar of State Papers, Foreign; Borman. I am indebted to Dr. Tracy Borman for drawing my attention to this reference. Borman. I am indebted to Dr. Tracy Borman for drawing my attention to this reference.51 Ives; Somerset; Ives: "Fall Reconsidered" Ives; Somerset; Ives: "Fall Reconsidered"52 Elizabeth: Elizabeth: Exhibition Catalogue Exhibition Catalogue53 LP LP54 Ibid Ibid55 Ibid Ibid56 Ibid Ibid

CHAPTER 16: A WORK OF G.o.d'S JUSTICE.

1 Ives: "Faction" Ives: "Faction"2 LP LP3 "Vitae Mariae" "Vitae Mariae"4 Clifford Clifford5 Cavendish: Cavendish: Metrical Visions Metrical Visions6 Friedmann Friedmann7 VC VC8 Bruce; Loades: Bruce; Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens Henry VIII and His Queens9 Warnicke: "Fall" Warnicke: "Fall"10 LP LP11 SC SC12 Ives: "Fall Reconsidered" Ives: "Fall Reconsidered"13 Somerset: Somerset: Ladies in Waiting Ladies in Waiting14 Loades: Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens Henry VIII and His Queens15 Ives: "Faction" Ives: "Faction"16 Loades: Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens Henry VIII and His Queens17 Smith: Smith: Henry VIII Henry VIII18 Loades: Loades: Henry VIII and His Queens Henry VIII and His Queens19 Loades: Loades: Mary Tudor Mary Tudor20 LP LP21 Strickland Strickland22 Lofts; Strickland Lofts; Strickland23 Warnicke; Cutts Warnicke; Cutts24 Brewer's British Royalty Brewer's British Royalty25 Abbott Abbott26 Bell Bell27 This plan is reproduced in Younghusband's This plan is reproduced in Younghusband's The Tower From Within The Tower From Within.28 Dodson Dodson29 LP LP30 Bell Bell31 VC VC32 Bell Bell33 Abbott Abbott34 Bell Bell35 Abbott Abbott

APPENDIX: LEGENDS.

1 Forman; Jones; Underwood; Westwood and Simpson Forman; Jones; Underwood; Westwood and Simpson2 Underwood Underwood3 Foister Foister4 Forman Forman5 Forman; Underwood Forman; Underwood6 Forman; Jones Forman; Jones7 Underwood Underwood8 Ibid Ibid9 Ibid Ibid10 Abbott Abbott11 Jones; Matthews; Underwood Jones; Matthews; Underwood12 Underwood Underwood13 Ibid Ibid14 Forman; Abbott Forman; Abbott15 Underwood Underwood

NOTES ON SOME OF THE SOURCES.

1 LP; LP; Bernard: "Fall" Bernard: "Fall"2 Ives: "Faction" Ives: "Faction"

About the Author

ALISON WEIR is the New York Times New York Times bestselling author of the novels bestselling author of the novels Innocent Traitor Innocent Traitor and and The Lady Elizabeth The Lady Elizabeth, and several historical biographies, including Queen Isabella, Henry VIII, Eleanor of Aquitaine, The Life of Elizabeth I Queen Isabella, Henry VIII, Eleanor of Aquitaine, The Life of Elizabeth I, and The Six Wives of Henry VIII The Six Wives of Henry VIII. She lives in Surrey, England, with her husband and two children.

ALSO BY ALISON WEIR.

Mistress of the Monarchy:

The Life of Katherine Swynford, d.u.c.h.ess of LancasterThe Lady Elizabeth:

A NovelInnocent Traitor:

A Novel of Lady Jane GreyBritain's Royal Families:

The Complete GenealogyThe Six Wives of Henry VIIIThe Princes in the TowerThe Wars of the RosesChildren of Henry VIIIThe Life of Elizabeth IEleanor of AquitaineHenry VIII: The King and His CourtMary, Queen of Scots, and the Murder of Lord DarnleyQueen Isabella