http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=450993452&sid=2&Fmt=10&clientId=8772&RQT=309&VName=HNP. The men appeared in Chicago Municipal Court on November 15, 1960, after the election. Unfortunately, those court records, and the accompanying police reports, have been destroyed and no further information is available. Telephone interview with Cook County Clerk of Circuit Court Archivist Phil Costello, July 5, 2011.

16. Blaine, Kennedy Detail, 5152.

17. According to the journalist Eliot Kleinberg, Pavlick was also "violently anti-Catholic." See Kleinberg, "Kennedy Almost Slain in Palm Beach," Palm Beach Post, November 24, 2011.

18. For a thought-provoking look at what might have happened had Pavlick succeeded, see Jeff Greenfield, Then Everything Changed: Stunning Alternate Histories of American Politics: JFK, RFK, Carter, Ford, Reagan (New York: Putnam, 2011). Although Pavlick spent several years in psychiatric hospitals after the assassination attempt, the charges against him were eventually dropped. See Eliot Kleinberg, "Palm Beach Police Foiled Plot to Kill JFK," Palm Beach Post, December 1, 2011,

http://www.historicpalmbeach.com/eliot-kleinberg/2011/12/palm-beach-police-foiled-plot-to-kill-jfk/

[accessed December 6, 2011].

19. Bill Dedman, "Ted Kennedy FBI File Reveals Threats," msnbc.com, June 14, 2010,

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34248485/ns/us_news-life/t/ted-kennedy-fbi-file-reveals-threats/

[accessed July 21, 2011]; Jack Pickell, "FBI Message to Hoover Included Glib Remark on Kennedy," Boston Globe, boston.com, June 14, 2010,

http://www.boston.com/news/politics/politicalintelligence/2010/06/fbi_letter_to_h.html

[accessed July 21, 2011].

20. The Secret Service began providing protection for presidential and vice presidential candidates shortly after RFK's assassination. Congress issued a joint resolution (H.J.Res. 1292) on June 6, 1968, which authorized the Secret Service to "furnish protection to persons who are determined from time to time ... as being major presidential or vice presidential candidates who should receive such protection (unless the candidate has declined such protection)."

http://www.cq.com/graphics/sal/90/sal90-331.pdf

[accessed July 22, 2011].

21. I witnessed just such a breakdown when Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton appeared before my students in February 2008 at the University of Virginia. At a certain point, with the screening going slowly and the candidate's schedule in jeopardy, many people in line were simply waved through with a cursory glance. I agree with author Ronald Kessler's assessment that the Secret Service "began cutting corners in 2003 after it was merged into the Department of Homeland Security." Under the auspices of DHS, Kessler argues, the Secret Service has been forced to "compete for funds with other national security agencies," which has "led to a lowering of standards." See Ronald Kessler, "Secret Service Cost-Cutting Leaves President Vulnerable," Newsmax, October 17, 2011,

http://www.newsmax.com/RonaldKessler/Secret-Service-Obama-Iranian/2011/10/17/id/414749

[accessed October 17, 2011].

22. Telephone interview with Ari Fleischer, February 19, 2013; David Montgomery, "No Handshake Man at Obama Inauguration," Washington Post, November 20, 2008,

http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/19/AR2008111904366.html

[accessed February 20, 2013]; Chidanand Rajghatta, "Bush's Security and the Handshake Man," The Times of India, February 9, 2003,

http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-02-09/us/27268782_1_weaver-secret-service-national-prayer-breakfast

[accessed February 20, 2013].

23. In 2009, Michaele and Tareq Salahi crashed a state dinner being held in honor of Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. A third uninvited guest, Carlos Allen, evaded security by arriving with a group of Indian businessmen who were late for the dinner. See Helene Cooper and Rachel L. Swarns, "At Obama's First State Dinner, the First Crashers," New York Times, November 25, 2009, and Amy Argetsinger and Roxanne Roberts, "Secret Service Confirms Third Crasher at White House State Dinner," Washington Post, January 5, 2010.

24. Of course, it is probably impossible to protect high officials from every threat. In February 2005, Prime Minister Rafik al-Hariri of Lebanon was killed when a massive car bomb exploded beside his motorcade. Al-Hariri was traveling in a fully armored limousine at the time with two security cars ahead of him and two more, plus an ambulance, following closely behind. The prime minister's security agents were also using sophisticated electronic equipment designed to jam remote-controlled improvised explosive devices (IEDs). The attackers were able to bypass these security arrangements by loading a van with a metric ton of explosives and ordering a suicide operative to detonate his deadly cargo when the motorcade passed by. See Scott Stewart, "Lebanon: Lessons from Two Assassinations," Stratfor Global Intelligence, November 15, 2012,

http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/lebanon-lessons-two-assassinations

[accessed December 17, 2012].

25. See Daniel Stashower, The Hour of Peril: The Secret Plot to Murder Lincoln Before the Civil War (New York: Minotaur Books, 2013).

26. Robert Young, "Johnson Guarded by 2,000 in N.Y.," Chicago Tribune, December 9, 1963; Robert Alden, "Johnson to Attend Lehman's Funeral In City Tomorrow," New York Times, December 7, 1963.

27. Kennedy speechwriter Ted Sorensen confirmed this White House view in a personal interview, May 4, 2010, Charlottesville, Virginia.

12. THE ASSASSINATION AND THE KENNEDY LEGACY.

1. As explained by Lamar Waldron and Thom Hartmann, authors of Legacy of Secrecy: The Long Shadow of the JFK Assassination, the "1992 JFK Act requires all government JFK assassination files to be released by 2017, but OMB Watch has stated that 'well over a million CIA records' related to the assassination remain unreleased. Even worse, the CIA stated in a lawsuit last year that they might withhold files related to JFK's assassination even beyond 2017." Legacy of Secrecy official website,

http://www.legacyofsecrecy.com/tell.html

[accessed August 16, 2011].

2. The movement for quick release of all JFK assassination-related documents is supported by a wide range of prominent individuals including HSCA counsel Robert Blakey. In 2012 Blakey signed a letter addressed to the Archivist of the United States requesting the release of all assassination-related documents prior to the fiftieth anniversary of JFK's death, especially the estimated fifty thousand pages that are still being withheld by the CIA. Letter dated January 20, 2012, from Jim Lesar, president of the Assassination Archives and Research Center, to United States Archivist David S. Ferreiro. It is not clear exactly how many pages or documents the agency is still withholding from the public. Gary Stern, General Counsel at the National Archives, told Jim Lesar, "We believe that the total number of pages is considerably less than 50,000, because our records indicate that the CIA has postponed in full as national security classified a total of 1,171 documents." E-mail from Gary Stern to Lesar, May 9, 2012. The federal government is also withholding documents from the Church Committee's mid-1970's investigation of CIA abuses. Researchers believe that these documents may shed new light on Langley's connections to November 22nd and have called for their immediate release. See Rex Bradford, "Missing JFK Files: The Church Committee Assassination Transcripts," JFK Facts, June 1, 2013,

http://jfkfacts.org/assassination/from-the-files/missing-jfk-files-the-church-committee-assassination-transcripts/#more-4842

[accessed June 3, 2013].

3. A Dictabelt machine records sounds by pressing grooves into a plastic belt. In the early 1960s, many police departments used these devices to record radio conversations between officers. Dictaphone-brand "Dictabelts" were cheap and easy to replace.