Part 62
Native white and free colored illiterate to total native white and free colored 485 "
Foreign white and free colored illiterate to total foreign white and free colored 824 "
Native illiterate white and free colored to total of both (native) over 20 years of age 1035 "
Foreign illiterate white and free colored to total of both (foreign) over 20 years of age 1448 "
Foreign illiterate over twenty years of age 195114 Foreign illiterate to total foreign over 20 years of age, supposing the illiterate to be all white 1451 "
Following the geographical sections we obtain the following results:[415]
+------------------------------------------------------------+
Percentage
Percentage
Percentage of
Sections.
of Pupils
of Pupils to
illiterate to
to the white
the white and
white
Population.
free colored
Population.
Population.
+-------------------
------------
-------------
-------------
New England States
2590
2571
188
Middle States
2179
2102
316
Southern States
1452
1392
922
Southwestern States
1632
1610
845
Northwestern States
2172
2151
503
+------------------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
Percentage
Percentage
Percentage
of
Percentage
of
Percentage
of
illiterate
of
illiterate
of
Sections.
illiterate
to Natives
illiterate
to
illiterate
to
over 20
to
Foreigners
to free
Natives.
Years of
Foreigners.
over 20
Colored.
age.
Years of
age.
---------------
----------
----------
-----------
----------
----------
New England
States
26
42
1463
2439
845
Middle States
184
300
955
1592
2242
Southern States
930
2030
528
880
2120
Southwestern
States
841
1663
912
1520
1854
Northwestern
States
497
992
463
772
2144
California and
Territories
1750
2163
1413
2351
1247
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
OCCUPATIONS.
In the tables of occupations the only cla.s.s noticed is the white and free colored male population over fifteen years of age, no returns of female employment being given. As interesting to the general reader, although not in immediate connection with the subject, the following is given:[416]
Ratio per cent.
Occupations. to the total employed.
Commerce, trade, manufactures, mechanic arts, and mining 2972 Agriculture 4469 Labor (not agricultural) 1850 Army 10 Sea and river navigation 217 Law, Medicine, and Divinity 176 Other pursuits requiring education 178 Government civil service 46 Domestic service 41 Other occupations 41 ------ 10000
A similar but more elaborate statement of the occupations of the people of Great Britain was published in the British census for 1841, and is reprinted by Professor De Bow in his compendium.[417]
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
Percentage
Percentage
Percentage
Occupations.
to total
to total
to total
Males.
Females.
Population.
----------------------------------
----------
----------
-----------
Commerce, trade, and manufactures
2624
712
1652
Agriculture
1533
84
796
Labor (not agricultural)
699
121
405
Army
142
70
Navy and merchant seamen, boatmen,
&c.
235
117
Clerical, legal, and medical
professions
66
02
34
Other pursuits requiring education
117
36
76
Government and munic.i.p.al civil
service
43
02
22
Domestic servants
278
948
618
Persons of independent means
147
388
269
Pensioners, paupers, lunatics,
and prisoners
111
101
106
Unoccupied (including women and
children)
4005
7606
5835
----------
----------
-----------
100
100
100
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
WAGES.
In introducing this subject, Professor De Bow remarks, "The money price of wages, unless the price of other articles be known, gives but an unsatisfactory idea of the condition of the laboring cla.s.ses at different periods and in different countries." In the following tables of the rates of remuneration in 1850 this difficulty will scarcely exist, so far as New York is concerned at least. The large number of domestic servants who have been added to our population since that year precludes the possibility of any considerable advance in the rate of wages, and, as every reader has an idea of what a woman's necessary expenses must be, each will be enabled to decide for himself whether the compensation is sufficient, or whether society at large would not be benefited were some of the surplus domestic servants removed to other localities, and thus, by increasing the demand, augment the wages. The following was the average weekly wages (with board) of a domestic servant in the year 1850:[418]
States. Wages.
Alabama $1 41 Arkansas 1 67 California 13 00 Columbia (District of) 1 31 Connecticut 1 36 Delaware 0 84 Florida 1 83 Georgia 1 52 Illinois 1 14 Indiana 0 90 Iowa 1 07 Kentucky 1 09 Louisiana 2 57 Maine 1 09 Maryland 0 89 Ma.s.sachusetts 1 48 Michigan 1 10 Mississippi 1 52 Missouri 1 17 New Hampshire 1 27 New Jersey 0 97 New York 1 05 North Carolina 0 87 Ohio 0 96 Pennsylvania 0 80 Rhode Island 1 42 South Carolina 1 42 Tennessee 1 00 Texas 2 00 Vermont 1 19 Virginia 0 96 Wisconsin 1 27 Territories.
Minnesota 2 25 New Mexico 0 78 Oregon 10 00 Utah 1 46
The following is a table of the monthly wages in factories in the different states. It is, of course, exclusive of board and lodging.
Looking at the amount received by female operatives, will any one feel surprised that they should abandon the incessant and poorly paid employment?
WAGES PER MONTH (WITHOUT BOARD).
+------------------------------------------------
Cotton.
Wool.
Pig Iron.
States.
-----------
-----------
-----------
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
F.
-----------
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
$ c.
$ c.
$ c.
$ c.
$ c.
$. c.
Alabama
11 71
7 98
17 60
Arkansas
14 61
5 88
California
D. of Col.
14 02
8 00
30 00
Connecticut
19 08
11 80
24 12
12 86
26 80
Delaware
15 31
11 58
18 79
17 33
Florida
32 14
5 00
Georgia
14 57
7 39
27 47
14 10
17 44
5 00
Illinois
22 00
12 52
22 06
Indiana
13 02
6 77
21 81
11 05
26 00
Iowa
11 14
Kentucky
14 95
9 36
15 30
11 11
20 23
4 70
Louisiana
Maine
29 35
12 15
22 57
11 77
22 00
Maryland
15 42
9 48
18 60
11 89
20 14
Ma.s.sach'sts
22 90
13 60
22 95
14 22
27 50
Michigan
21 65
11 47
35 00
Mississippi
14 21
5 94
Missouri
10 93
10 00
32 00
6 50
24 28
N. Hamp.
26 00
13 47
22 86
14 53
18 00
New Jersey
17 98
9 56
25 22
8 60
21 20
New York
18 32
9 68
19 97
11 76
25 00
N. Carolina
11 65
6 13
18 00
7 00
8 00
4 00
Ohio
16 59
9 42
20 14
10 90
24 48
Pennsylv'a
17 85
9 91
19 23
10 41
21 65
5 11
Rho. Island
18 60
12 95
20 70
15 18
S. Carolina
13 94
8 30
Tennessee
10 94
6 42
17 66
6 00
12 81
5 11
Texas
20 00
20 00
Vermont
15 53
12 65
24 46
11 81
22 08
Virginia
10 18
6 98
18 17
9 91
12 76
6 86
Wisconsin
22 48
30 00
+------------------------------------------------
+-----------------------------------------------+
Iron
Wrought
Fisheries.
Castings.
Iron.
States.
-----------
-----------
-----------
M.
F.
M.
F.
M.
F.
-----------
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
$. c.
$ c.
$ c.
$ c.
$. c.
$. c.
Alabama
30 05
15 29
Arkansas
California
23 33
D. of Col.
27 05
Connecticut
27 02
8 00
31 59
20 81
Delaware
23 36
25 53
Florida
17 58
8 40
Georgia
27 43
11 35
5 00
Illinois
28 50
Indiana
25 74
27 45
4 00
Iowa
32 35
Kentucky
24 89
4 15
32 06
Louisiana
35 60
Maine
29 00
5 00
19 12
Maryland
27 50
24 31
Ma.s.sach'sts
30 90
29 46
12 79
15 70
Michigan
28 68
22 43
Mississippi
37 91
Missouri
19 63
30 00
N. Hamp.
33 05
31 34
10 00
New Jersey
24 00
27 31
13 34
New York
27 49
28 91
20 35
N. Carolina
23 46
10 43
4 78
23 64
11 77
Ohio
27 32
29 58
19 07
Pennsylv'a
27 55
6 00
28 31
6 57
Rho. Island
29 63
57 85
34 00
S. Carolina
13 59
4 00
Tennessee
17 96
4 50
15 20
5 00
Texas
43 43
Vermont
28 27
32 08
Virginia
19 91
9 44
25 41
21 70
Wisconsin
26 73
21 50
+-----------------------------------------------+
The number of hands employed in these manufactures is as follows:[419]
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
Men
Men's average
Women
Women's
Manufactures.
employed.
Wages per
employed.
average Wages
Month.
per Month.
--------------
----------
--------------
----------
-------------
Cotton
33,150
$16 79
59,136
$9 24
Wool
22,678
21 49
16,574
11 86
Pig-iron
20,298
21 68
150
5 13
Iron castings
23,541
27 38
48
5 87
Wrought iron
16,110
27 02
138
7 35
Fisheries
20,704
20 49
429
10 08
----------
----------
Total employed
136,481
76,475
+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
PAUPERISM.
From tables relating to pauperism in the United States we learn that in the year ending June 1, 1850, when our population was 23,191,876, there were supported (in whole or in part) at public expense:[420]
Natives 66,434 Foreigners 68,538 ------- Total 134,972
The cost of such support was $2,954,806. This is much less than the outlay in England, where, in the year 1848, there was expended 6,180,764 sterling (or over thirty million dollars), the population being 17,521,956.[421]
CRIME.
There were confined in the various state prisons throughout the Union on June 1, 1850:[422]
White males 4643 " females 115 Total whites ---- 4758
Colored males 801 " females 87 Total colored ---- 888 ---- Aggregate 5646
Of these there were
Native whites 3259 " colored 866 Total natives ---- 4125
Foreign whites 1499 " colored 22 Total foreign ---- 1521 ---- Aggregate 5646
INTEMPERANCE.
It need not be repeated that habits of intemperance and prost.i.tution are closely allied. The following figures give the statistics of the breweries and distilleries in the United States:[423]
The total number of these establishments is 1217 In which is invested a capital of $8,507,574
They employ 6140 hands, and consume during the year,
Barley 3,787,195 bushels.
Corn 11,067,761 "
Rye 2,143,927 "
Oats 56,607 "
Apples 526,840 "
Hops 1,294 tons.
Mola.s.ses 61,675 hogsheads.
Their yearly production is,
Ale, 1,179,495 barrels, or 42,471,820 gallons.
Whisky, etc. 41,364,224 "
Rum 6,500,500 "
---------- Total 90,336,544 "
If these stimulants were used in the United States, exclusive of export or import, the average allowance for each man, woman, and child in the community would be nearly four gallons per year. The figures show how much we produce, but will not aid the inquiry as to how much is consumed.
NATIVITIES.
