THE DAWN OF HASKALAH

1794-1840

(pp. 110-161)

[Footnote 1: See Orshansky, in Yevreyskaya Biblyotyeka, ii. 240; Drabkin, in Monatsschrift, xix-xx.]

[Footnote 2: FKN, pp. 27, 303.]

[Footnote 3: JE, iv. 301; Plungian, op. cit, p. 59.]

[Footnote 4: FKN, p. 193.]

[Footnote 5: JE, iv. 407.]

[Footnote 6: FKN, p. 193; Jellinek, Kuntres ha-Rambam, pp. 39f.]

[Footnote 7: Occident, v. 360.]

[Footnote 8: Jost, Culturgeschichte, Berlin, 1847, p. 302.]

[Footnote 9: Steinschneider, 'Ir Vilna, 1900, p. 146.]

[Footnote 10: Voskhod, 1881, ii. 29-30; 1900, p. 55.]

[Footnote 11: FKN, pp. 277-279.]

[Footnote 12: See Rabinovitz, Ma'amar 'al ha-Defosat ha-Talmud, Munich, 1876, p. 112. Cf. Zweifel, op. cit., iv. 7.]

[Footnote 13: FKN, pp. 277-279.]

[Footnote 14: Toledot Adam, pp. 14 b, 16 b, 24 b, 75 b, 84 a.]

[Footnote 15: See Plungian, op cit., pp. 46-47, 91; Voskhod, 1900, ix.

77; Ha-Zeman (monthly), 1903, iii. 22-30; see also Die Zukunft, New York, July, 1913, pp. 713 f.]

[Footnote 16: Voskhod, Dec., 1890, pp. 142 f.; Ha-Boker Or, Jan., 1881.]

[Footnote 17: Voskhod, 1888, iii. 37 f; Rodkinson, Toledot 'Ammude HaBaD.]

[Footnote 18: Cohan, Rabbi Yisrael Ba'al Shem Tob, 1900, p. 67.]

[Footnote 19: 'Ammude Bet Yehudah, xxvii., and see Ha-Zeman (monthly), ii. 8-15.]

[Footnote 20: Buchholtz, op. cit., Beilage 14, pp. 137-138.]

[Footnote 21: See Weissberg, op. cit., p. 53; Talmud Leshon Russiah, Vilna, 1825; Moda' li-Bene Binah, ibid., 1826; cf. Baer Heteb, Introduction.]

[Footnote 22: Helel ben Shahar, Warsaw, 1804, Introduction, and p. 81.

See Peri ha-Arez Yashan, Letter 2, quoted by Dubnow, Pardes, ii.

210-211.]

[Footnote 23: Keneset Yisrael, i. 138; Morgulis, Voprosi Yevreyskoy Zhizni, pp. 7-10.]

[Footnote 24: Enziklopedichesky Slovar, St. Petersburg, 1895, xvii.

642.]

[Footnote 25: Ha-Shahar, x. 44-52; FKN, p. 33; Ha-Boker Or, i. 145-146.]

[Footnote 26: FSL, p. 164.]

[Footnote 27: See Gunzburg, Ha-Debir, Warsaw, 1883, ii. 55; Israelitische Annalen, 1840, p. 263.]

[Footnote 28: Ha-Zeman (monthly), iii. 10.]

[Footnote 29: Minor, op. cit, p. 46; Lerner, Yevreyi v Novorossiskom Kraye, Odessa, 1901, p. 234; Monatsschrift, xviii. 234 f., 477 f., 551 f.]

[Footnote 30: Voskhod, 1881, i-iii; Ha-Zeman (monthly), iii. 11-14.]

[Footnote 31: Op. cit, pp. 208-209.]

[Footnote 32: Cf. Graetz, xi. 50; Kayserling, op. cit, p. 288; Funn, Sofre Yisrael, Vilna, 1891, pp. 138-143; WMG, p. 135.]

[Footnote 33: Graetz, xi. 590, 604, 606; Annalen, xx. 467; Kayserling, op. cit., p. 307; Landshut, Toledot Anshe Shem, p. 85.]

[Footnote 34: [Hebrew: Yd Tshlhu 'l Rm''d Bsfri]. Weiss, Zikronota, p.

58, n.; Ha-Zeman (monthly), i. and iii. 18-19.]

[Footnote 35: Zweifel, op. cit., pp. 35-40, and Ha-Hasidut we-ha-Musar in Ha-Meliz, 1897; Toledot Mishpehot Shneersohn, in Ha-Asif, v. 35-40, and Nefesh Hayyim, iii. 3.]

[Footnote 36: Mandelkern, Dibre Yeme Russyah, iii. 98; American Israelite, nos. 15, 18, etc. (My Travels in Russia); Gordon, Ha-Azamot ha-Yebashot, Odessa, 1899; AZJ, 1854, p. 22; Zunser, Biography, New York, 1905, pp. 15-19 (Engl. transl., pp. 14-18); Shenot Ra'inu Ra'ah, in Ha-Meliz, 1860; Sefer ha-Shanah, iii. 82-101, and GMC, nos. 43-50.

One of these songs runs as follows:

On the streets in tears we're wading, In our bairns' blood we might be bathing; What a misfortune, ah, wellaway-- Will never dawn the better day?

Little infants from heder are torn, And forced to wear the soldier's uniform; What a misfortune, etc.

Our leaders, rabbis, and honored elders, E'en help to impress them for the czar's soldiers; What a misfortune, etc.

Seven sons has Zushe Rakover, Yet not a one for the army is over; What a misfortune, etc.

Leah, the widow, has an only son, And for the kahal's sins he's gone; What a misfortune, etc.]

[Footnote 37: GMC, no. 42. On similar enthusiasm among the Galician Maskilim, see Erter, Kol Kore, in Ha-Zofeh le-Bet Yisrael, Warsaw, 1890, pp. 131-133.]

[Footnote 38: Elk, Die judischen Kolonien in Russland, Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1886, pp. 28-53, 60-80, 119-140, 153-160, 205-208; Jastrow, Beleuchtungen, etc., Hamburg, 1859, pp. 109-113.]

[Footnote 39: See Zunz, Gesammelte Schriften, Berlin, 1875, pp, 279-290; Jost, Freimuthige Beleuchtung, Berlin, 1830; and Culturgeschichte, pp.