"You have written to us through Gabriel Patrov, our guest, that you desire to come to us. It is our wish that you do so. When you are with us, we shall give you evidence of our favorable disposition toward you.

Should you wish to serve us, we will confer honors upon you. But should you not wish to remain with us, and prefer to return to your country, you shall be free to go."

For some reason or other, Zacharias never accomplished his contemplated trip, notwithstanding the many inducements repeatedly offered by the czar during a period of eighteen years. Perhaps it was because of the disturbances which rendered transportation dangerous; possibly because he preferred to serve the khan rather than the czar, for we find him, in 1500, a resident of Circa.s.sia. See JE, vi. 107-108; vi. 12.]

[Footnote 13: E.g. Barakha, the hero (1601), Ilyash Karaimovich, the starosta (1637), and Motve Borokhovich, the colonel (1647). See JE, ii.

128; iv. 283; ix. 40.]

[Footnote 14: See Czacki, Rosprava o Zhydakh, Vilna, 1807, p. 93; Buchholtz, Geschichte der Juden in Riga, Riga, 1899, p. 3; Mann, Sheerit Yisrael, Vilna, 1818, ch. 30; Virga, Shebet Yehudah, Hanover, 1856, pp.

147 f., and Graetz, Geschichte der Juden, ix. 480.]

[Footnote 15: The Subbotniki, Dukhobortzi, and the other dissenting, but non-Jewish, sects are not referred to here, though they may have received their inspiration from Jews or through Judaism.]

[Footnote 16: Voskhod, 1881, i. 73-75; JE, vii. 487-488; ix. 570; Bramson, K Istorii Pervonachalnaho Obrazovaniya Russkikh Yevreyev, St.

Petersburg, 1896, pp. 4-6.]

[Footnote 17: Sternberg, Die Proselyten im xvi. und xvii. Jahrhundert, AZJ, 1863, pp. 67-68 (ibid, in L'univers Israelite, 1863, pp. 272 f.); Mandelkern, Dibre Yeme Russyah, Warsaw, 1875, pp. 231 f.; Yevreyskaya Enziklopedya, s.v. Zhidostvuyushchikh; Bedrzhidsky in Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnaho Prosvyeshchanya, St. Petersburg, 1912, pp.

106-122; Jewish Ledger, Jan., 1902, p. 3; Emden, Megillat Sefer, ed.

Cohan, p. 207, Warsaw, 1896. On Count Pototzki, see Ger Zedek, in Yevreyskaya Biblyotyeka, St. Petersburg, 1892; Gershuni, Sketches of Jewish Life and History, New York, 1873, pp. 158-224 (also Introduction), and S.L. Gordon's ballad in Ha-Shiloah (Ger Zedek), i.

431. On Pototzki and Zaremba, see Gere Zedek (Anon.), Johannisberg, 1862. On modern Russian Gerim, see Die Welt, July 5, 1907, pp. 16-17 (Palestine), B'nai B'rith News, May 13, 1913 (United States), and Leroy-Beaulieu, Israel among the Nations, Engl. transl., New York, 1900, p. 110, n. 1; Yiddishes Tageblatt, July 16 and 23, 1913, Gerim in Russland, and Vieder vegen Gerim; JE, i. 336; vii. 369-370, 489.]

[Footnote 18: HUH, pp. 3, 21 f.; Minor, op. cit., p. 4; Yevreyskiya Nadpisi, St. Petersburg, 1884, p. 217; Sefer ha-Yashar, no. 522; Eben ha-'Ezer, no. 118. On [Hebrew: Bn'n Hrogi] see Monatsschrift, xxii.

514.]

[Footnote 19: Catalogue de Rossi, in. 200; Ha-Maggid, 1860, pp. 299-302; HUH, pp. 33, 40.]

[Footnote 20: Autobiography, p. 39.]

[Footnote 21: LBJ, ii. 95, n.; Ha-'Ibri, New York, viii., no. 33; Lehem ha-Panim, Hil. Nedarim, no. 228.]

[Footnote 22: Nishmat Hayyim, Lemberg, 1858, p. 83a; Azula, Shem ha-Gedolim, s.v. Horowitz; FKN, p. 74, and Ha-Maggid, in. 159. Cf.

Sheerit Yisrael, ch. 32, and Edelman, Gedulat Shaul, London, 1854.

Reifman, in Ha-Maggid, claims that to Luria belongs the honor of being the first-known Jewish author.]

[Footnote 23: See Zikronot, ed. Cohan, pp. 62-66, 90, 313, 336, 380, pa.s.sim; Schechter, Studies in Judaism, Philadelphia, 1908, ii. 132.]

[Footnote 24: Margoliuth, Hibbure Likkutim, Venice, 1715, Introduction.]

[Footnote 25: Horowitz, Frankfurter Rabbinen, Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1883, pp. 30-35; FKN, pp. 73-91; Emden, op. cit, p. 125; and biographies.]

[Footnote 26: LTI, ii. 81, n.; Hannover, Yeven Mezulah, Warsaw, 1872, p.

7b.]

[Footnote 27: Zunz, Literaturgeschichte, pp. 433-435, 442; Buber, Anshe Shem, Cracow, 1895, pp. 307-309; Benjacob, Ozar ha-Sefarim, p. 396; JE, xi. 217; Bikkure ha-'Ittim, 1830, p. 43. Jacob of Gnesen, I suspect, must have lived in Russia.]

[Footnote 28: Steinschneider, Jewish Literature, pp. 235, 240; Benjacob, op. cit, p. 396.]

[Footnote 29: JE, xii. 265-266: "Enfin les incredules les plus determines n'out presque rien allegue qui ne soit dans le Rampart de la Foi du Rabbin Isaac."]

[Footnote 30: Nusbaum, Historya Zhidov, i. p. 180; Edelman, op. cit, attributes the coming of Saul Wahl to this cause.]

[Footnote 31: The Elim (Amsterdam, 1629), if not, as the Karaites maintain, actually the work of Zerah Troki, was surely the result of the problems submitted by him to Delmedigo.]

[Footnote 32: JE, iv. 504; vii. 264; xii. 266; Ha-Eshkol, iii. and iv.

(R.M. Jarre); LTI, ii. 80; Benjacob, op. cit, no. 1428.]

[Footnote 33: Zunz, Ritus, Berlin, 1859, p. 73, and Gottesdienstliche Vortrage, Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1892, p. 452, n.a.; Wessely, Dibre Shalom we-Emet, ii. 7; Benjacob, op. cit., no. 1187.]

[Footnote 34: Voskhod, 1893, i. 79; New Era Ill.u.s.trated Magazine, v.; FNI, p. 28 f.; JE, i. 113; ii. 22, 622; xii. 265.]

[Footnote 35: JE, vii. 454.]

[Footnote 36: JE, i. 372; iv. 140; Ha-Yekeb, 1894, p. 68.]

[Footnote 37: Bersohn, Tobiasz Cohn, Warsaw, 1872.]

[Footnote 38: Cf. FKN, pp. 38-42 (Vilna const.i.tution); Hannover, op.

cit., p. 23a; Ha-Modia' la-Hadashim, II. i. II, and JE, s.v. Council, Kahal, Lithuania, etc.]

[Footnote 39: See GMC, pp. 59 f., and compare with this Lermontoff's Cossack Cradle-Song, which may be taken as a type:

Sleep, my child, my little darling, sleep, I sing to thee; Silently the soft white moonbeams fall on thee and me.

I will tell thee fairy stories in my lullaby; Sleep, my child, my pretty darling, sleep, I sing to thee.

Lo, I see the day approaching when the warriors meet; Then wilt thou grasp thy rifle and mount thy charger fleet.

I will broider in thy saddle colors fair to see, Sleep, my child, my little darling, sleep, I sing to thee.

Then my Cossack boy, my hero brave and proud and gay, Waves one farewell to his mother and rides far away.

Oh, what sorrow, pain and anguish then my soul shall fill, As I pray by day and night that G.o.d will keep thee still!

Thou shalt take a saint's pure image to the battlefield, Look upon it when thou prayest, may it be thy shield.

And when battles fierce are raging, give one thought to me; Sleep, my darling, calmly, sweetly, sleep, I sing to thee.

--Westminster Gazette.

See Gudemann, Quellen zur Geschichte des Unterrichts, Berlin, 1891, pp.

285-286; Ha-Boker Or, i. 315 (on Dubno); Ha-Meliz, 1894, no. 254 (on Mohilev); Zunz, Gottesdienstliche Vortrage, pp. 122g and 470a; cf.

Weiss, Zikronota, Warsaw, 1895, pp. 53-83.]

[Footnote 40: Cf. Gudemann, Geschichte des Erziehungswesens, iii. 94, n., and see Dembitzer, Kelilat Yofi, Introduction, and Mea.s.sef, St.

Petersburg, 1902, p. 205, n.]

CHAPTER II

DAYS OF TRANSITION

1648-1794

(pp. 53-109)

[Footnote 1: JE, s.v. Bratzlav.]