Maize oil should absorb 120 to 128 per cent. iodine.

_Sesame Oil._--Sesame oil is very largely pressed in Southern France from the seeds of the sesame plant which is cultivated in the Levant, India, j.a.pan and Western Africa.

A fairly representative sample of French expressed oil tested:--

____________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | Specific | Saponification | Acidity | t.i.tre, | Refractive | | Gravity | Equivalent. | (as Oleic Acid) | C. | Index | | at 15 C. | | Per Cent. | | at 20 C. | |___________|________________|_________________|________|____________| | | | | | | | 0.9227 | 295.2 | 1.84 | 22.8 | 1.4731 | |___________|________________|_________________|________|____________|

Sesame oil should absorb 108 to 110 per cent. iodine.

_Linseed Oil._--Russia, India, and Argentine Republic are the princ.i.p.al countries which extensively grow the flax plant, from the seeds of which linseed oil is pressed. It is used to a limited extent in soft-soap making.

A good sample gave on a.n.a.lysis:--

____________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | Specific | Saponification | Acidity | t.i.tre, | Refractive | | Gravity | Equivalent. | (as Oleic Acid) | C. | Index | | at 15 C. | | Per Cent. | | at 15 C. | |___________|________________|_________________|________|____________| | | | | | | | 0.935 | 292 | 1.2 | 20 | 1.4840 | |___________|________________|_________________|________|____________|

Linseed oil should absorb 170 to 180 per cent. iodine.

_Hemp-seed oil_ is produced from the seeds of the hemp plant which grows in Russia. This oil is used in soft soap-making, more particularly on the Continent.

A typical sample gave the following figures:--

__________________________________________________ | | | | | | Specific | Saponification | t.i.tre, | | | Gravity | Equivalent. | C. | Iodine No. | | at 15 C. | | | | |___________|________________|________|____________| | | | | | | 0.926 | 292.6 | 15.8 | 143 | |___________|________________|________|____________|

_Sunflower oil_ is produced largely in Russia.

A specimen tested:--

____________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | Specific | Saponification | Acidity | t.i.tre, | | | Gravity | Equivalent. | (as Oleic Acid) | C. | Iodine No. | | at 15 C. | | Per Cent. | | | |___________|________________|_________________|________|____________| | | | | | | | 0.9259 | 290.7 | 0.81 | 17 | 126.2 | |___________|________________|_________________|________|____________|

_Castor Oil._--The castor oil plant is really a native of India, but it is also cultivated in the United States (Illinois) and Egypt.

A typical commercial sample tested:--

________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | Saponi- | Acidity | | | Optical | Refractive | | fication | (as Oleic | t.i.tre, | Iodine No. | Rotation | Index | | Equi- | Acid) | C. | | [alpha]_{D} | at 25 C. | | valent | Per Cent. | | | | | |___________|___________|________|____________|_____________|____________| | | | | | | | | 310 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 84.1 | + 4 50' | 1.4787 | |___________|___________|________|____________|_____________|____________|

_Fish and Marine Animal Oils._--Various oils of this cla.s.s have, until recently, entered largely into the composition of soft soaps, but a demand has now arisen for soft soaps made from vegetable oils.

We quote a few typical a.n.a.lyses of these oils:--

_________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | | Specific | Saponi- | Acidity | | Unsaponi- | | | Gravity | fication | (as Oleic | t.i.tre, | fiable | | | at 15C. | Equi- | Acid) | C. | Matter | | | | valent | Per Cent. | | Per Cent. | |__________________|__________|__________|___________|________|___________| | | | | | | | | Pale seal oil | 0.9252 | 289 | 0.947 | 15.5 | 0.8 | | Straw seal oil | 0.9231 | 288 | 4.77 | 15.8 | 1.2 | | Brown seal oil | 0.9253 | 291 | 16.38 | 16.2 | 1.9 | | Whale oil | 0.9163 | 297 | 1.49 | 16.1 | 1.8 | | Dark whale oil | 0.9284 | 303 | 12.60 | 21.8 | 2.4 | | j.a.pan fish oil | 0.9336 | 296 | 4.79 | 26 | 0.67 | | j.a.pan fish oil | 0.9325 | 302 | 10.43 | 28 | 1.55 | | Brown cod oil | 0.9260 | 313 | 14.91 | 21.8 | 1.9 | | Pure herring oil | 0.9353 | 288 | 11.39 | 21.6 | 1.5 | | Kipper oil | 0.9271 | 297 | 5.14 | 22.7 | 3.25 | |__________________|__________|__________|___________|________|___________|

_Waste Fats._--Under this cla.s.sification may be included marrow fat, skin greases, bone fats, animal grease, melted stuff from hotel and restaurant refuse, and similar fatty products. The following is a fair typical selection:--

_______________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | Saponification | Acidity | t.i.tre, | | | Equivalent. | (as Oleic Acid) | C. | | | | Per Cent. | | |___________________|________________|_________________|________| | | | | | | Marrow fat | 283.3 | 3.6 | 38.7 | | White skin grease | 287.2 | 4.3 | 36.4 | | Pale skin grease | 286.3 | 9.87 | 35.7 | | Pale bone fat | 289.7 | 8.8 | 40.7 | | Brown bone fat | 289.1 | 11.0 | 41 | | Brown bone fat | 292 | 20.5 | 40.2 | | Animal grease | 289.4 | 38.1 | 40.4 | | Melted stuff | 286.3 | 12.8 | 37.7 | |___________________|________________|_________________|________|

The materials in the above cla.s.s require to be carefully examined for the presence of unsaponifiable matter, lime salts and other impurities.

_Fatty Acids._--We have already described the various methods of liberating fatty acids by hydrolysis or saponification.

Under this heading should also be included stearines produced by submitting distilled fat to hydraulic pressure, the distillates from e from unsaponifiable matter, cocoa-nut oleine, a bye-product from the manufacture of edible cocoa-nut b.u.t.ter and consisting largely of free acids, and palm-nut oleine obtained in a similar manner from palm-nut oil.

These are all available for soap-making.

LESS-KNOWN OILS AND FATS OF LIMITED USE.

_Shea b.u.t.ter._--Shea b.u.t.ter is extracted from the kernels of the _Ba.s.sia Parkii_ and exported from Africa and Eastern India. This fat is somewhat tough and sticky, and the amount of unsaponifiable matter present is sometimes considerable. Samples examined by us gave the following data:--

_______________________________________________________________ | | | | | | Saponification | Acidity | t.i.tre, | Refractive | | Equivalent. | (as Oleic Acid) | C. | Index | | | Per Cent. | | at 60 C. | |________________|_________________|________|___________________| | | | | | | 313 | 8.2 | 53.2 | 1.4566 | | 303 | 7.33 | 53 | 1.4558 | | | | | 1.4471 (F. Acids) | |________________|_________________|________|___________________|

_Mowrah-seed Oil._--The mowrah-seed oil now offered for soap-making is derived from the seeds of _Ba.s.sia longifolia_ and _Ba.s.sia latifolia_. It is largely exported from India to Belgium, France and England. The following are the results of some a.n.a.lyses made by us:--

_________________________________________________________ | | | | | | Saponification | Acidity | t.i.tre, | Refractive | | Equivalent. | (as Oleic Acid) | C. | Index | | | Per Cent. | | at 60 C. | |________________|_________________|________|____________| | | | | | | 291 | 10 | 43.4 | 1.4518 | | 291.5 | 7.1 | 42.7 | | | 291.2 | 9.9 | 43.8 | | | 292 | 11.26 | 40.5 | | |________________|_________________|________|____________|

_Chinese vegetable tallow_ is the name given to the fat which is found coating the seeds of the "tallow tree" (_Stillingia sebifera_) which is indigenous to China and has been introduced to India where it flourishes. The following is a typical sample:--

_____________________________________ | | | | | Saponification | Acidity | t.i.tre, | | Equivalent | Per Cent. | C. | |________________|___________|________| | | | | | 280.2 | 5.24 | 52.5 | |________________|___________|________|

The seeds of the "tallow tree" yield an oil (stillingia oil) having drying properties.

_Borneo Tallow._--The kernels of several species of _Hopea_ (or _Dipterocarpus_), which flourish in the Malayan Archipelago, yield a fat known locally as Tangaw.a.n.g fat. This fat is moulded (by means of bamboo canes) into the form of rolls about 3 inches thick, and exported to Europe as Borneo Tallow.

A sample tested by one of us gave the following data:--

___________________________________________ | | | | | Saponification | Acidity | t.i.tre, | | Equivalent. | (as Oleic Acid) | C. | | | Per Cent. | | |________________|_________________|________| | | | | | 292 | 36 | 50.8 | |________________|_________________|________|

_Kapok oil_ is produced from a tree which is extensively grown in the East and West Indies. The Dutch have placed it on the market and the figures given by Henriques (_Chem. Zeit._, 17, 1283) and Philippe (_Monit. Scient._, 1902, 730), although varying somewhat, show the oil to be similar to cotton-seed oil.

VARIOUS NEW FATS AND OILS SUGGESTED FOR SOAP-MAKING.

_Carapa_ or _Andiroba oil_, derived from the seeds of a tree (_Carapa Guianensis_) grown in West Indies and tropical America, has been suggested as suitable for soap-making. Deering (_Imperial Inst.i.tute Journ._, 1898, 313) gives the following figures:--

____________________________________________ | | | | | Saponification | Acidity | Melting Point | | Equivalent | Per Cent. | of Fatty | | | | Acids, C. | |________________|___________|_______________| | | | | | 287 | 12 | 89 | |________________|___________|_______________|

Another observer (_Rev. Chem. Ind._, 13, 116) gives the setting point of the fatty acids as 56.4 C.

_Candle-nut oil_ obtained from the seeds of a tree flourishing in India and also the South Sea Islands.

The following figures have been published:--

_____________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | Saponi- | | | | | fication | t.i.tre,| Iodine No. | Observers.| References.

| Equiv- | | | | | alent.[1] | C. | | | |___________|_______|____________|____________|_______________________________ | | | | | | 299-304.9 | 13 | 136.3-139.3| De Negri |_Chem. Centr._, 1898, p. 493.

| 291 | | 163.7 | Lewkowitsch|_Chem. Revue_, 1901, p. 156.

| 296 | 12.5 | 152.8 | Ka.s.sler |_Farben-Zeitung_, 1903, p. 359.

|___________|_______|____________|____________|_______________________________

_Curcas oil_ is produced in Portugal from the seeds of the "purging nut tree," which is similar to the castor oil plant, and is cultivated in Cape Verde Islands and other Portuguese Colonies.