vendeiro, vedist _m._ (vendeiro) ................. Gastwirt, Kleinhandler.

ventin _m._ (vintem _m._) .... 20 Reis. (_Coin._) villa ........................ Stadtchen.

vintem _m._, vinten _m. V._ ventin .....................

violao ....................... Bratache, Ba.s.sgeige.

viva ......................... Vivat, Lebehoch.

=W.=

_Brazilian German._ _High German._

wentin _m. V._ ventin ........

wolte _f._ (volta)............ Spaziergang, Windung (eines Weges oder Flusses).

=X.=

_Brazilian German._ _High German._

xarque _n._ (xarque _m._) .... Dorrfleisch.

xarqueada .................... Schlachterei.

=Z.=

_Brazilian German._ _High German._

zaino ........................ ungeflecktes Pferd (e.g. ganz schwarz).

zebruno ...................... Falbe.

zigarro _V._ cigarro .........

zipo _V._ cipo ...............

zise _f._ (sisa, siza) ....... Accise, Verbrauchssteuer.

APPENDIX.

THE BRAZILIAN GERMAN PRESS.

Among the many things the German agricultural colonist in Brazil had to dispense with so far as a supply from abroad was concerned, was reading matter. Even to this day books are a relative rarity in the home along the "picada." Only in the more important centers is there a general access to publications of this type.

ALMANACS.

As has been the case for centuries in German-speaking communities both in Europe and North America, where there has been a general lack of books, the want of reading-matter has largely been filled by that most important medium, the almanac. The same condition applies to Brazil. We might call the almanac the colonist's encyclopedia. It is his agricultural guide, medical adviser, compendium of short stories and poetry, moral guide, diary, and a thousand and one other things in addition to being the source of the information which an almanac is ordinarily supposed to furnish, i.e., list the change of seasons, days and months of the year, feast-days, eclipses, etc. To persons acquainted only with the folk-almanacs in Europe and North America, the entire lack of weather-forecasts in the Brazilian German editions is striking.

Among the best known and most important German folk-almanacs in Brazil are:

_Rothermund's Kalender fur die Deutschen in Brasilien_, published in So Leopoldo and Cruz Alta, R.G. do Sul;

_Uhle's ill.u.s.trierter deutsch-brasilianischer Familien-Kalender_, published in Rio and Curityba;

_Der Familienfreund_, published in Porte Alegre;

_Riograndenser Marienkalender_, published in Porto Alegre;

and

_Musterreiters Neu-Historischer Kalender_, published in Porto Alegre.

Rothermund's and Uhle's almanacs are perhaps the most important as well as the most voluminous. To them one might well apply the statement found in the preface to one of the well-known reading-texts published for use in the "Pikadenschulen": "Darin ist alles enthalten, was fur gebildeten Kolonisten zu wissen interessant und lehrreich ist."[129]

The almanacs mentioned above have for years been appearing regularly. In addition there have been many others, appearing, as a rule, only for a year or sporadically. Their influence has been of minor importance.

In addition to being an indispensible source of information to the colonists, the Brazilian German almanacs are also most valuable to persons living outside of Brazil who want to form an idea of the life of those colonists.

NEWSPAPERS.

The history of the German newspapers in Brazil has its beginning in the early fifties of the past century. In October, 1852, _Der Kolonist_ appeared for the first time in Porto Alegre. This journalistic effort was short-lived. From December, 1853, to July 10th, 1861, _Der Deutsche Einwanderer_, appeared in the same city. Beginning with April 16th, 1853, _Der Deutsche Beobachter_, edited by B. Goldschmidt and G.F. Busch appeared in Rio de Janeiro. This, like the preceding, soon turned from an ordinary newspaper into a propaganda-sheet for the solicitation of colonists and accordingly went out of existence. In 1858 the _Brasilia_, a weekly, appeared in Petropolis. It lasted about one year. Beginning with January 17th, 1864, the _Germania_, a weekly edited by Peter Muller, appeared in the same city. This was a most important paper in its time and enjoyed a wide circulation. It lasted, however, only a few years.

From 1860 to date the number of German newspapers with an ephemeral existence published in Brazil is legion. Excepting those above mentioned, we shall only concern ourselves with the ones which had a continual existence from the time of their founding and appearing to this day. They are included in the following list. In this list is indicated in each case the t.i.tle of the paper, the place of publication, the number of times it appears weekly and the year in which it was founded.

_Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1861.

_Kolonie Zeitung_, Joinville. Semi-weekly. 1862.

_Deutsches Volksblatt_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly, 1870.

_Germania_, So Paulo. Daily. 1877.

_Deutsche Post_, So Leopoldo. Daily. 1880.

_Blumenauer Zeitung_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1881.

_Neue Deutsche Zeitung_, Porto Alegre. Daily and weekly. 1881.

_Der Beobachter_, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1889.

_Kolonie_, Santa Cruz. Thrice weekly. 1890.

_Der Urwaldsbote_, Blumenau. Semi-weekly. 1892.

_Nachrichten_, Petropolis. Semi-weekly. 1892.

_Deutsche Zeitung fur So Paulo._ Daily. 1897.

_Vaterland_, Porto Alegre. Daily. 1901.

_Der Kompa.s.s_, Curityba. Thrice weekly. 1901.

_Volks-Zeitung_, So Bento. Weekly. 1908.

_Die Serra Post_, Ijuhy. Semi-weekly. 1910.

_Brusquer Zeitung_, Brusque. Weekly. 1911.

_Deutsche Wacht_, Pelotas. Semi-weekly. 1914.

_Deutsches Tageblatt_, Rio de Janeiro. Daily. 1914.

From what has been said above, in reference both to almanacs and newspapers, it will be noted that Porto Alegre in Rio Grande do Sul has from the beginning been the most important center for Brazilian German journalistic efforts.