327 digital devices on the surface of the brain and, in some cases, deeper within the brain

Wilson, "Bionic Brains and Beyond"; Allison Abbott, "Brain Implants Have Long-Lasting Effect on Depression," Nature, February 7, 2011.

328 activate and direct the movement of robots with their thoughts

Cookson, "Healthcare: Into the Cortex."

329 dispense with the wires connecting the chip to a computer

Ibid.

330 Scientists and engineers at the University of Illinois

Ibid.

331 "nanotechnology, micro-power generation-to provide therapeutic benefit"

Ibid.

332 rat's brain stem to interpret information

Linda Geddes, "Rat Cyborg Gets Digital Cerebellum," New Scientist, September 27, 2011.

333 "synthetic correlates before the end of the century"

Ibid.

334 in humans, including prosthetics for bladder control

Monica Friedlander, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, "Neural Implants Come of Age," Science and Technology Review, June 2012.

335 relief of spinal pain

Ibid.

336 remediation of some forms of blindness

Wilson, "Bionic Brains and Beyond."

337 and deafness

Ibid.

338 to enhance focus and concentration

Ibid.

339 people to enhance concentration at times of their choosing

Ibid.

340 Adderall, Ritalin, and Provigil to improve their test scores

Margaret Talbot, "Brain Gain: The Underground World of 'Neuroenhancing' Drugs," New Yorker, April 27, 2009.

341 "ranges from 15 percent to 40 percent"

Alan Schwarz, "Risky Rise of the Good-Grade Pill," New York Times, June 10, 2012.

342 doctors who work with low-income families have started prescribing Adderall

Alan Schwarz, "Attention Disorder or Not, Pills to Help in School," New York Times, October 9, 2012.

343 felt they improved their memory and ability to focus

Drew Halley, "Brain-Doping at the Lab Bench," Project Syndicate, April 20, 2009.