[Footnote 810: Handbuch der System. Anat. des Menschen, 1858, B. i. s.

144. See my woodcut (H. fig. 2).]

[Footnote 811: See, also, remarks to the same effect by Dr. J. Crichton Browne in 'Journal of Mental Science,' April, 1871, p. 149.]

[Footnote 812: C. Vogt, 'Memoire sur les Microcephales,' 1867, p. 21.]

[Footnote 813: Sir C. Bell, 'Anatomy of Expression,' p. 133.]

[Footnote 814: 'Mimik und Physiognomik,' 1867, s. 63-67.]

[Footnote 815: Sir T. Reynolds remarks ('Discourses,' xii. p. 100), "it is curious to observe, and it is certainly true, that the extremes of contrary pa.s.sions are, with very little variation, expressed by the same action." He gives as an instance the frantic joy of a Bacchante and the grief of a Mary Magdalen.]

[Footnote 816: Dr. Piderit has come to the same conclusion, ibid. s.

99.]

[Footnote 817: 'La Physionomie,' par G. Lavater, edit. of 1820, vol. iv.

p. 224. See, also, Sir C. Bell, 'Anatomy of Expression,' p. 172, for the quotation given below.]

[Footnote 818: A 'Dictionary of English Etymology,' 2nd edit. 1872, Introduction, p. xliv.]

[Footnote 819: Crantz, quoted by Tylor, 'Primitive Culture,' 1871, Vol.

i. P. 169.]

[Footnote 820: F. Lieber, 'Smithsonian Contributions,' 1851, vol. ii. p.

7.]

[Footnote 821: Mr. Bain remarks ('Mental and Moral Science,' 1868, p.

239), "Tenderness is a pleasurable emotion, variously stimulated, whose effort is to draw human beings into mutual embrace."]

[Footnote 822: Sir J. Lubbock, 'Prehistoric Times,' 2nd edit. 1869, p.

552, gives full authorities for these statements. The quotation from Steele is taken from this work.]

[Footnote 823: See a full acount,{sic} with references, by E. B. Tylor, 'Researches into the Early History of Mankind,' 2nd edit. 1870, p. 51.]

[Footnote 824: 'The Descent of Man,' vol. ii. p. 336.]

[Footnote 825: Dr. Mandsley has a discussion to this effect in his 'Body and Mind,' 1870, p. 85.]

[Footnote 826: 'The Anatomy of Expression,' p. 103, and 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1823, p. 182.]

[Footnote 827: 'The Origin of Language,' 1866, p. 146. Mr. Tylor ('Early History of Mankind,' 2nd edit. 1870, p. 48) gives a more complex origin to the position of the hands during prayer.]

[Footnote 901: 'Anatomy of Expression,' pp. 137, 139. It is not surprising that the corrugators should have become much more developed in man than in the anthropoid apes; for they are brought into incessant action by him under various circ.u.mstances, and will have been strengthened and modified by the inherited effects of use. We have seen how important a part they play, together with the orbiculares, in protecting the eyes from being too much gorged with blood during violent expiratory movements. When the eyes are closed as quickly and as forcibly as possible, to save them from being injured by a blow, the corrugators contract. With savages or other men whose heads are uncovered, the eyebrows are continually lowered and contracted to serve as a shade against a too strong light; and this is effected partly by the corrugators. This movement would have been more especially serviceable to man, as soon as his early progenitors held their heads erect. Lastly, Prof. Donders believes ('Archives of Medicine,' ed. by L. Beale, 1870, vol. v. p. 34), that the corrugators are brought into action in causing the eyeball to advance in accommodation for proximity in vision.]

[Footnote 902: 'Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,' Alb.u.m, Legende iii.]

[Footnote 903: 'Mimik und Physiognomik,' s. 46.]

[Footnote 904: 'History of the Abipones,' Eng. translat. vol. ii. p. 59, as quoted by Lubbock, 'Origin of Civilisation,' 1870, p. 355.]

[Footnote 905: 'De la Physionomie,' pp. 15, 144, 146. Mr. Herbert Spencer accounts for frowning exclusively by the habit of contracting the brows as a shade to the eyes in a bright light: see 'Principles of Physiology,' 2nd edit. 1872, p. 546.]

[Footnote 906: Gratiolet remarks (De la Phys. p. 35), "Quand l'attention est fixee sur quelque image interieure, l'oeil regarde dons le vide et s'a.s.socie automatiquement a la contemplation de l'esprit." But this view hardly deserves to be called an explanation.]

[Footnote 907: 'Miles Gloriosus,' act ii. sc. 2.]

[Footnote 908: The original photograph by Herr Kindermann is much more expressive than this copy, as it shows the frown on the brow more plainly.]

[Footnote 909: 'Mecanisme de la Physionomie Humaine,' Alb.u.m, Legende iv.

figs. 16-18.]

[Footnote 910: Hensleigh Wedgwood on 'The Origin of Language,' 1866, p.

78.]

[Footnote 911: Muller, as quoted by Huxley, 'Man's Place in Nature,'

1863, p. 38.]

[Footnote 912: I have given several instances in my 'Descent of Man,'

vol. i. chap. iv.]

[Footnote 913: 'Anatomy of Expression.' p. 190.]

[Footnote 914: 'De la Physionomie,' pp. 118-121.]

[Footnote 915: 'Mimik und Physiognomik,' s. 79.]

[Footnote 1001: See some remarks to this effect by Mr. Bain, 'The Emotions and the Will,' 2nd edit. 1865, p. 127.]

[Footnote 1002: Rengger, Naturgesch. der Saugethiere von Paraguay, 1830, s. 3.]

[Footnote 1003: Sir C. Bell, 'Anatomy of Expression,' p. 96. On the other hand, Dr. Burgess ('Physiology of Blushing,' 1839, p. 31) speaks of the reddening of a cicatrix in a negress as of the nature of a blush.]

[Footnote 1004: Moreau and Gratiolet have discussed the colour of the face under the influence of intense pa.s.sion: see the edit. of 1820 of Lavater, vol. iv. pp. 282 and 300; and Gratiolet, 'De la Physionomie,'

p. 345.]

[Footnote 1005: Sir C. Bell 'Anatomy of Expression,' pp. 91, 107, has fully discussed this subject. Moreau remarks (in the edit. of 1820 of 'La Physionomie, par G. Lavater,' vol. iv. p. 237), and quotes Portal in confirmation, that asthmatic patients acquire permanently expanded nostrils, owing to the habitual contraction of the elevatory muscles of the wings of the nose. The explanation by Dr. Piderit ('Mimik und Physiognomik,' s. 82) of the distension of the nostrils, namely, to allow free breathing whilst the mouth is closed and the teeth clenched, does not appear to be nearly so correct as that by Sir C. Bell, who attributes it to the sympathy (_i. e_. habitual co-action) of all the respiratory muscles. The nostrils of an angry man may be seen to become dilated, although his mouth is open.]

[Footnote 1006: Mr. Wedgwood, 'On the Origin of Language,' 1866, p. 76.

He also observes that the sound of hard breathing "is represented by the syllables _puff, huff, whiff_, whence a _huff_ is a fit of ill-temper."]

[Footnote 1007: Sir C. Bell 'Anatomy of Expression,' p. 95) has some excellent remarks on the expression of rage.]

[Footnote 1008: 'De la Physionomie,' 1865, p. 346.]

[Footnote 1009: Sir C. Bell, 'Anatomy of Expression,' p. 177. Gratiolet (De la Phys. p. 369) says, 'les dents se decouvrent, et imitent symboliquement l'action de dechirer et de mordre.'I If, instead of using the vague term _symboliquement_, Gratiolet had said that the action was a remnant of a habit acquired during primeval times when our semi-human progenitors fought together with their teeth, like gorillas and orangs at the present day, he would have been more intelligible. Dr. Piderit ('Mimik,' &c., s. 82) also speaks of the retraction of the upper lip during rage. In an engraving of one of Hogarth's wonderful pictures, pa.s.sion is represented in the plainest manner by the open glaring eyes, frowning forehead, and exposed grinning teeth.]

[Footnote 1010: 'Oliver Twist,' vol. iii. p. 245.]

[Footnote 1011: 'The Spectator,' July 11, 1868, p. 810.]