[Footnote 25: _Ep._ xi.]

[Footnote 26: _Migne Patrol_ 60.]

[Footnote 27: _Migne Patrol_ 59.]

[Footnote 28: Ebert.]

[Footnote 29: Comp. Biese, _op. cit._]

[Footnote 30: Comp. Biese, _op. cit._]

[Footnote 31: _Migne Patrol_ 58.]

[Footnote 32: _Carm._ lib. i.]

[Footnote 33: _Amoenitas loci_: Variorum libri Lugduni, 1677.]

[Footnote 34: _Monum. Germ._, 4th ed., Leo, lib. viii.]

[Footnote 35: _Deutsche Rundschau_, 1882.]

[Footnote 36: _Monum. German Histor., poet. lat. medii aevi_, I.

Berlin 1881, ed. Dummler. Alcuin, _Carmen_ 23.]

[Footnote 37: Zoeckler, _Geschichte der Beziehungen zwischen Theologie und Naturwissenschaft_. 'On rocky crags by the sea, on sh.o.r.es fringed by oak or beech woods, in the shady depths of forests, on towering mountain tops, or on the banks of great rivers, one sees the ruins or the still inhabited buildings which once served as the dwellings of the monks who, with the cross as their only weapon, were the pioneers of our modern culture. Their flight from the life of traffic and bustle in the larger towns was by no means a flight from the beauties of Nature.' The last statement is only partly true. In the prime of the monastic era the beauties of Nature were held to be a snare of the devil. Still, in choosing a site, beauty of position was constantly referred to as an auxiliary motive. 'Bernhard loved the valley,' 'but Bernhard chose mountains,' are significant phrases.]

[Footnote 38: Comp. Grimm, _Deutsche Mythologie_, on the old Germanic idea of a conflict between winter and spring.]

[Footnote 39: Dummler, vi. _Carolus et Leo papa._]

[Footnote 40: Walahfridi Strabi, _De cultura hortorum_.]

[Footnote 41: Comp. H. von Eichen, _Geschichte und System der mittelalterlichen Weltanschauung_. Stuttg. Cotta, 1887.]

CHAPTER III

[Footnote 1: Prutz, _Geschichte der Kreuzzuge_. Berlin, 1883.]

[Footnote 2: Allatius, _Symmicta_. Coeln, 1653.]

[Footnote 3: _Deutsche Pilgerreisen nach dem heiligen Lande_, Roehricht und Meissner. Berlin, 1880.]

[Footnote 4: For excellent bibliographical evidence see _Die geographische Kenntnis der Alpen im Mittelalter_ in supplement to _Munchner Allgem. Zeitung_, January 1885.]

[Footnote 5: Comp. Oehlmann, _Die Alpenpa.s.se im Mittelalter, Jahrbuch fur Schweizer_.]

[Footnote 6: Biese, _op. cit._]

[Footnote 7: Fr. Diez, _Leben und Werke der Troubadours_. Zwickau, 1829]

[Footnote 8: _Des Minnesangs Fruhling_, von Lachmann-Haupt.]

[Footnote 9: _Geschichte der Malerei._ Woermann und Wottmann.]

[Footnote 10: 'Detailed study of Nature had begun; but the attempt to blend the separate elements into a background landscape in perspective betrayed the insecurity and constraint of dilettante work at every point.' Ludwig Kammerer on the period before Van Eyck in _Die Landschaft in der deutschen Kunst bis zum Tode Albrecht Durers_.

Leipzig, 1880]

CHAPTER IV

[Footnote 1: _Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien._]

[Footnote 2: _Untersuchungen uber die kampanische Wandmalerei._ Leipzig, 1873.]

[Footnote 3: Comp. Schnaase, _op. cit._]

[Footnote 4: _Argon_, ii. 219; iii. 260, 298. Comp. Cic. _ad Att._, iv. 18, 3.]

[Footnote 5: _Renaissance und Humanismus in Italien und Deutschland._ Berlin, 1882. (Oncken, _Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstettungen_, ii. 8.)]

[Footnote 6: _Itinerar. syr._, Burckhardt ii.]

[Footnote 7: _Loci specie percussus_, Burckhardt i.]

[Footnote 8: In his paper 'Kulturgeschichte und Naturwissenschaft'

(_Deutsche Rundschau_, vol. xiii.), which is full both of original ideas and of exaggerated summary opinions, Du Bois Reymond fails to do justice to this, and altogether misjudges Petrarch's feeling for Nature. After giving this letter in proof of mediaeval feeling, he goes on to say: 'Full of shame and remorse, he descends the mountain without another word. The poor fellow had given himself up to innocent enjoyment for a moment, without thinking of the welfare of his soul, and instead of gloomy introspection, had looked into the enticing outer world. Western humanity was so morbid at that time, that the consciousness of having done this was enough to cause painful inner conflict to a man like Petrarch--a man of refined feeling, and scientific, though not a deep thinker.' Even granting this, which is too tragically put, the world was on the very eve of freeing itself from this position, and Petrarch serves as a witness to the change.]

[Footnote 9: Comp., too, _De Genealogia Deorum_, xv., in which he says of trees, meadows, brooks, flocks and herds, cottages, etc., that these things 'animum mulcent,' their effect is 'mentem in se colligere.']

[Footnote 10: Comp. Voigt, _Enea Silvio de' Piccolomini als Papst Pius II. und sein Zeitalter_.]

[Footnote 11: Comp. Geiger and Ad. Wolff, _Die Kla.s.siker aller Zeiten und Nationen_.]

[Footnote 12: Quando mira la terra ornata e bella. Rime di V.

Colonna.]

[Footnote 13: Ombrosa selva che il mio duolo ascolti.]

CHAPTER V

[Footnote 1: Ruge, _Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen._ Berlin, 1881. (_Allgem. Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen_, von Oncken.) _Die neu Welt der Landschaften_, etc. Strasburg, 1534.]

[Footnote 2: _De rebus oceanicis et novo orbi Decades tres Petri Martyris at Angleria Mediolanensis, Coloniae_, 1574.]

[Footnote 3: _Il viaggio di Giovan Leone e Le Navagazioni, di Aloise da Mosto. di Pietro, di Cintra. di Anxone, di un Piloto Portuguese e di Vasco di Gama quali si leggono nella raccolta di Giovambattista Ramusio._ Venezia, 1837.]