[195] See some good remarks to this effect by W. Stanley Jevons, "A Deduction from Darwin's Theory," 'Nature,' 1869, p.

231.

[196] Latham, 'Man and his Migrations,' 1851, p. 135.

[197] Messrs. Murie and Mivart in their "Anatomy of the Lemuroidea" ('Transact. Zoolog. Soc.' vol. vii. 1869, p. 96-98) say, "some muscles are so irregular in their distribution that they cannot be well cla.s.sed in any of the above groups." These muscles differ even on the opposite sides of the same individual.

[198] 'Quarterly Review,' April, 1869, p. 392. This subject is more fully discussed in Mr. Wallace's 'Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,' 1870, in which all the essays referred to in this work are republished. The 'Essay on Man'

has been ably criticised by Prof. Claparede, one of the most distinguished zoologists in Europe, in an article published in the 'Bibliotheque Universelle,' June, 1870. The remark quoted in my text will surprise every one who has read Mr. Wallace's celebrated paper on 'The Origin of Human Races deduced from the Theory of Natural Selection,' originally published in the 'Anthropological Review,' May, 1864, p. clviii. I cannot here resist quoting a most just remark by Sir J. Lubbock ('Prehistoric Times,' 1865, p. 479) in reference to this paper, namely, that Mr. Wallace, "with characteristic unselfishness, ascribes it (_i.e._ the idea of natural selection) unreservedly to Mr. Darwin, although, as is well known, he struck out the idea independently, and published it, though not with the same elaboration, at the same time."

[199] Quoted by Mr. Lawson Tait in his "Law of Natural Selection,"-'Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science,'

Feb. 1869. Dr. Keller is likewise quoted to the same effect.

[200] Owen, 'Anatomy of Vertebrates,' vol. iii. p. 71.

[201] 'Quarterly Review,' April, 1869, p. 392.

[202] In _Hylobates syndactylus_, as the name expresses, two of the digits regularly cohere; and this, as Mr. Blyth informs me, is occasionally the case with the digits of _H. agilis_, _lar_, and _leuciscus_.

[203] Brehm, 'Thierleben,' B. i. s. 80.

[204] "The Hand, its mechanism," &c. 'Bridgewater Treatise,'

1833, p. 38.

[205] Hackel has an excellent discussion on the steps by which man became a biped: 'Naturliche Schopfungsgeschichte,' 1868, s.

507. Dr. Buchner ('Conferences sur la Theorie Darwinienne,'

1869, p. 135) has given good cases of the use of the foot as a prehensile organ by man; also on the manner of progression of the higher apes to which I allude in the following paragraph: see also Owen ('Anatomy of Vertebrates,' vol. iii. p. 71) on this latter subject.

[206] "On the Primitive Form of the Skull," translated in 'Anthropological Review,' Oct. 1868, p. 428. Owen ('Anatomy of Vertebrates,' vol. ii. 1866, p. 551) on the mastoid processes in the higher apes.

[207] 'Die Grenzen der Thierwelt, eine Betrachtung zu Darwin's Lehre,' 1868, s. 51.

[208] Dujardin, 'Annales des Sc. Nat.' 3rd series, Zoolog. tom.

xiv. 1850, p. 203. See also Mr. Lowne, 'Anatomy and Phys. of the _Musca vomitoria_,' 1870, p. 14. My son, Mr. F. Darwin, dissected for me the cerebral ganglia of the _Formica rufa_.

[209] 'Philosophical Transactions,' 1869, p. 513.

[210] Quoted in C. Vogt's 'Lectures on Man,' Eng. translat.

1864, p. 88, 90. Prichard, 'Phys. Hist. of Mankind,' vol. i.

1838, p. 305.

[211] 'Comptes Rendus des Seances,' &c. June 1, 1868.

[212] 'The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,' vol. ii. p. 124-129.

[213] Schaaffhausen gives from Blumenbach and Busch, the cases of the spasms and cicatrix, in 'Anthropolog. Review,' Oct.

1868, p. 420. Dr. Jarrold ('Anthropologia,' 1808, p. 115, 116) adduces from Camper and from his own observations, cases of the modification of the skull from the head being fixed in an unnatural position. He believes that certain trades, such as that of a shoemaker, by causing the head to be habitually held forward, makes the forehead more rounded and prominent.

[214] 'Variation of Animals,' &c., vol. i. p. 117 on the elongation of the skull; p. 119, on the effect of the lopping of one ear.

[215] Quoted by Schaaffhausen, in 'Anthropolog. Review,' Oct.

1868, p. 419.

[216] Owen, 'Anatomy of Vertebrates,' vol. iii. p. 619.

[217] Isidore Geoffroy St.-Hilaire remarks ('Hist. Nat.

Generale,' tom. ii. 1859, p. 215-217) on the head of man being covered with long hair; also on the upper surfaces of monkeys and of other mammals being more thickly clothed than the lower surfaces. This has likewise been observed by various authors.

Prof. P. Gervais ('Hist. Nat. des Mammiferes,' tom. i. 1854, p.

28), however, states that in the Gorilla the hair is thinner on the back, where it is partly rubbed off, than on the lower surface.

[218] Mr. St. George Mivart, 'Proc. Zoolog. Soc.' 1865, p. 562, 583. Dr. J. E. Gray, 'Cat. Brit. Mus.: Skeletons.' Owen, 'Anatomy of Vertebrates,' vol. ii. p. 517. Isidore Geoffroy, 'Hist. Nat. Gen.' tom. ii. p. 244.

[219] 'The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,' vol. ii. p. 280, 282.

[220] 'Primeval Man,' 1869, p. 66.

[221] 'Anthropological Review,' May, 1864, p. clviii.

[222] After a time the members or tribes which are absorbed into another tribe a.s.sume, as Mr. Maine remarks ('Ancient Law,'

1861, p. 131), that they are the co-descendants of the same ancestors.

[223] Morlot, 'Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat.' 1860, p. 294.

[224] I have given instances in my 'Variation of Animals under Domestication,' vol. ii. p. 196.

[225] See a remarkable series of articles on Physics and Politics in the 'Fortnightly Review,' Nov. 1867; April 1, 1868; July 1, 1869.

[226] 'Origin of Civilisation,' 1870, p. 265.

[227] Mr. Wallace gives cases in his 'Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,' 1870, p. 354.

[228] 'Ancient Law,' 1861, p. 22. For Mr. Bagehot's remarks, 'Fortnightly Review,' April 1, 1868, p. 452.

[229] 'The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,' vol. i. p. 309.

[230] 'Fraser's Magazine,' Sept. 1868, p. 353. This article seems to have struck many persons, and has given rise to two remarkable essays and a rejoinder in the 'Spectator,' Oct. 3rd and 17th 1868. It has also been discussed in the 'Q. Journal of Science,' 1869, p. 152, and by Mr. Lawson Tait in the 'Dublin Q. Journal of Medical Science,' Feb. 1869, and by Mr. E. Ray Lankester in his 'Comparative Longevity,' 1870, p. 128. Similar views appeared previously in the 'Australasian,' July 13, 1867.

I have borrowed ideas from several of these writers.

[231] For Mr. Wallace, see 'Anthropolog. Review,' as before cited. Mr. Galton in 'Macmillan's Magazine,' Aug. 1865, p. 318; also his great work, 'Hereditary Genius,' 1870.

[232] 'Hereditary Genius,' 1870, p. 132-140.

[233] See the fifth and sixth columns, compiled from good authorities, in the table given in Mr. E. R. Lankester's 'Comparative Longevity,' 1870, p. 115.

[234] 'Hereditary Genius,' 1870, p. 330.

[235] 'Origin of Species' (fifth edition, 1869), p. 104.

[236] 'Hereditary Genius,' 1870, p. 347.