[118] This fact, the Rev. L. Jenyns states (see his edition of 'White's Nat. Hist. of Selborne,' 1853, p. 204) was first recorded by the ill.u.s.trious Jenner, in 'Phil. Transact.' 1824, and has since been confirmed by several observers, especially by Mr. Blackwall. This latter careful observer examined, late in the autumn, during two years, thirty-six nests; he found that twelve contained young dead birds, five contained eggs on the point of being hatched, and three eggs not nearly hatched.

Many birds not yet old enough for a prolonged flight are likewise deserted and left behind. See Blackwall, 'Researches in Zoology,' 1834, pp. 108, 118. For some additional evidence, although this is not wanted, see Leroy, 'Lettres Phil.' 1802, p. 217.

[119] Hume remarks ('An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals,' edit. of 1751, p. 132), "there seems a necessity for confessing that the happiness and misery of others are not spectacles altogether indifferent to us, but that the view of the former ... communicates a secret joy; the appearance of the latter ... throws a melancholy damp over the imagination."

[120] 'Mental and Moral Science,' 1868, p. 254.

[121] I have given one such case, namely of three Patagonian Indians who preferred being shot, one after the other, to betraying the plans of their companions in war ('Journal of Researches,' 1845, p. 103).

[122] Dr. Prosper Despine, in his 'Psychologie Naturelle,' 1868 (tom. i. p. 243; tom ii. p. 169) gives many curious cases of the worst criminals, who apparently have been entirely dest.i.tute of conscience.

[123] See an able article in the 'North British Review,' 1867, p. 395. See also Mr. W. Bagehot's articles on the Importance of Obedience and Coherence to Primitive Man, in the 'Fortnightly Review,' 1867, p. 529, and 1868, p. 457, &c.

[124] The fullest account which I have met with is by Dr.

Gerland, in his 'Ueber das Aussterben der Naturvolker,' 1868; but I shall have to recur to the subject of infanticide in a future chapter.

[125] See the very interesting discussion on Suicide in Lecky's 'History of European Morals,' vol. i. 1869, p. 223.

[126] See, for instance, Mr. Hamilton's account of the Kaffirs, 'Anthropological Review,' 1870, p. xv.

[127] Mr. M'Lennan has given 'Primitive Marriage,' 1865, p.

176, a good collection of facts on this head.

[128] Lecky, 'History of European Morals,' vol. i. 1869, p.

109.

[129] 'Emba.s.sy to China,' vol. ii. p. 348.

[130] See on this subject copious evidence in Chap. vii. of Sir J. Lubbock, 'Origin of Civilisation,' 1870.

[131] For instance Lecky, 'Hist. European Morals,' vol. i. p.

124.

[132] This term is used in an able article in the 'Westminster Review,' Oct. 1869, p. 498. For the Greatest Happiness principle, see J. S. Mill, 'Utilitarianism,' p. 17.

[133] Good instances are given by Mr. Wallace in 'Scientific Opinion,' Sept. 15, 1869; and more fully in his 'Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection,' 1870, p. 353.

[134] Tennyson, 'Idylls of the King,' p. 244.

[135] 'The Thoughts of the Emperor M. Aurelius Antoninus,' Eng.

translat., 2nd edit., 1869, p. 112. Marcus Aurelius was born A.D. 121.

[136] Letter to Mr. Mill in Bain's 'Mental and Moral Science,'

1868, p. 722.

[137] A writer in the 'North British Review' (July, 1869, p.

531), well capable of forming a sound judgment, expresses himself strongly to this effect. Mr. Lecky ('Hist. of Morals,'

vol. i. p. 143) seems to a certain extent to coincide.

[138] See his remarkable work on 'Hereditary Genius,' 1869, p.

349. The Duke of Argyll ('Primeval Man,' 1869, p. 188) has some good remarks on the contest in man's nature between right and wrong.

[139] 'The Thoughts of Marcus Aurelius,' &c., p. 139.

[140] 'Investigations in Military and Anthropolog. Statistics of American Soldiers,' by B. A. Gould, 1869, p. 256.

[141] With respect to the "Cranial forms of the American aborigines," see Dr. Aitken Meigs in 'Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.'

Philadelphia, May, 1866. On the Australians, see Huxley, in Lyell's 'Antiquity of Man,' 1863, p. 87. On the Sandwich Islanders, Prof. J. Wyman, 'Observations on Crania,' Boston, 1868, p. 18.

[142] 'Anatomy of the Arteries,' by R. Quain.

[143] 'Transact. Royal Soc.' Edinburgh, vol. xxiv. p. 175, 189.

[144] 'Proc. Royal Soc.' 1867, p. 544; also 1868, p. 483, 524.

There is a previous paper, 1866, p. 229.

[145] 'Proc. R. Irish Academy,' vol. x. 1868, p. 141.

[146] 'Act. Acad.,' St. Petersburg, 1778, part ii. p. 217.

[147] Brehm, 'Thierleben,' B. i. s. 58, 87. Rengger, 'Saugethiere von Paraguay,' s. 57.

[148] 'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,'

vol. ii. chap. xii.

[149] 'Hereditary Genius: an Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences,' 1869.

[150] Mr. Bates remarks ('The Naturalist on the Amazons,' 1863, vol. ii. p. 159), with respect to the Indians of the same S.

American tribe, "no two of them were at all similar in the shape of the head; one man had an oval visage with fine features, and another was quite Mongolian in breadth and prominence of cheek, spread of nostrils, and obliquity of eyes."

[151] Blumenbach, 'Treatises on Anthropolog.' Eng. translat., 1865, p. 205.

[152] G.o.dron, 'De l'Espece,' 1859, tom. ii. livre 3.

Quatref.a.ges, 'Unite de l'Espece Humaine,' 1861. Also Lectures on Anthropology, given in the 'Revue des Cours Scientifiques,'

1866-1868.

[153] 'Hist. Gen. et Part. des Anomalies de l'Organisation,' in three volumes, tom. i. 1832.

[154] I have fully discussed these laws in my 'Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,' vol. ii. chap. xxii.

and xxiii. M. J. P. Durand has lately 1868; published a valuable essay 'De l'Influence des Milieux, &c.' He lays much stress on the nature of the soil.

[155] 'Investigations in Military and Anthrop. Statistics,' &c.

1869, by B. A. Gould, p. 93, 107, 126, 131, 134.

[156] For the Polynesians, see Prichard's 'Physical Hist. of Mankind,' vol. v. 1847, p. 145, 283. Also G.o.dron, 'De l'Espece,' tom. ii. p. 289. There is also a remarkable difference in appearance between the closely-allied Hindoos inhabiting the Upper Ganges and Bengal; see Elphinstone's 'History of India,' vol. i. p. 324.

[157] 'Memoirs, Anthropolog. Soc.' vol. iii. 1867-69, p. 561, 565, 567.

[158] Dr. Brakenridge, 'Theory of Diathesis,' 'Medical Times,'