342 U.S. 305.

[1687] Stone _v._ Mississippi, 101 U.S. 814, 820 (1880).

[1688] Butcher's Union Co. _v._ Crescent City Co., 111 U.S. 746 (1884).

[1689] New Orleans Gas Co. _v._ Louisiana Light Co., 115 U.S. 630 (1885).

[1690] Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. _v._ Goldsboro, 232 U.S. 548, 558 (1914). _See also_ Chicago & A.R. Co. _v._ Tranbarger, 238 U.S. 67 (1915); _also_ Pennsylvania Hospital _v._ Philadelphia, 245 U.S. 20 (1917), where the police power and eminent domain are treated on the same basis in respect of inalienability; also Wabash R. Co. _v._ Defiance, 167 U.S. 88, 97 (1897); Home Telephone Co. _v._ Los Angeles, 211 U.S. 265 (1908); and Calvert I, 962.

[1691] Morley _v._ Lake Sh.o.r.e & M.S.R. Co., 146 U.S. 162 (1892); New Orleans _v._ New Orleans Waterworks Co., 142 U.S. 79 (1891); Missouri & A. Lumber & Min. Co. _v._ Greenwood Dist, 249 U.S. 170 (1919). But _cf._ Livingston _v._ Moore, 7 Pet. 469, 549 (1833); and Garrison _v._ New York, 21 Wall. 196, 203 (1875), suggesting that a different view was earlier entertained in the case of judgments in actions of debt.

[1692] Maynard _v._ Hill, 125 U.S. 190 (1888); Dartmouth College _v._ Woodward, 4 Wheat. 518, 629 (1819). _Cf._ Andrews _v._ Andrews, 188 U.S.

14 (1903). The question whether a wife's rights in the community property under the laws of California were of a contractual nature was raised but not determined in Moffitt _v._ Kelly, 218 U.S. 400 (1910).

[1693] New Orleans _v._ New Orleans Waterworks Co., 142 U.S. 79 (1891); Zane _v._ Hamilton County, 189 U.S. 370, 381 (1903).

[1694] 4 Wheat. 122 (1819). For the first such case in a Federal Circuit Court, _see_ Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, I, 67 (Boston, 1922).

[1695] 12 Wheat. 213 (1827).

[1696] Ibid. 353-354.

[1697] Von Hoffman _v._ Quincy, 4 Wall. 535, 552 (1867).

[1698] 1 How. 311 (1843).

[1699] 2 How. 608 (1844).

[1700] Oshkosh Waterworks Co. _v._ Oshkosh, 187 U.S. 437, 439 (1903); New Orleans & L.R. Co. _v._ Louisiana, 157 U.S. 219 (1895).

[1701] Antoni _v._ Greenhow, 107 U.S. 769 (1883).

[1702] The right was unheld in Mason _v._ Haile, 12 Wheat. 370 (1827); and again in Vial _v._ Penniman (Penniman's Case), 103 U.S. 714 (1881).

On early English and Colonial law touching the subject, _see_ argument of counsel in Sturges _v._ Crowninshield, 4 Wheat. 122, 140-145 (1819).

[1703] McGahey _v._ Virginia, 135 U.S. 662 (1890).

[1704] Louisiana ex rel. Ranger _v._ New Orleans, 102 U.S. 203 (1880).

[1705] Von Hoffman _v._ Quincy, 4 Wall. 535, 554 (1867).

[1706] Antoni _v._ Greenhow, 107 U.S. 769, 775.--Ill.u.s.trations of changes in remedies, which have been sustained, may be seen in the following cases: Jackson ex dem. Hart _v._ Lamphire, 3 Pet. 280 (1830); Hawkins _v._ Barney, 5 Pet. 457 (1831); Crawford _v._ Branch Bank of Alabama, 7 How. 279 (1849); Curtis _v._ Whitney, 13 Wall. 68 (1872); Cairo & F.R. Co. _v._ Hecht, 95 U.S. 168 (1877); Terry _v._ Anderson, 95 U.S. 628 (1877); Tennessee _v._ Sneed, 96 U.S. 69 (1877); South Carolina _v._ Gaillard, 101 U.S. 433 (1880); Louisiana _v._ New Orleans, 102 U.S.

203 (1880); Connecticut Mut. L. Ins. Co. _v._ Cushman, 108 U.S. 51 (1883); Vance _v._ Vance, 108 U.S. 514 (1883); Gilfillan _v._ Union Ca.n.a.l Co., 109 U.S. 401 (1883); Hill _v._ Merchants' Mut. Ins. Co., 134 U.S. 515 (1890); New Orleans City & Lake R. Co. _v._ Louisiana, 157 U.S.

219 (1895); Red River Valley Nat. Bank _v._ Craig, 181 U.S. 548 (1901); Wilson _v._ Standefer, 184 U.S. 399 (1902); Oshkosh Waterworks Co. _v._ Oshkosh, 187 U.S. 437 (1903); Waggoner _v._ Flack, 188 U.S. 595 (1903); Bernheimer _v._ Converse, 206 U.S. 516 (1907); Henley _v._ Myers, 215 U.S. 373 (1910); Selig _v._ Hamilton, 234 U.S. 652 (1914); Security Sav.

Bank _v._ California, 263 U.S. 282 (1923); United States Mortgage Co.

_v._ Matthews, 293 U.S. 232 (1934).

Compare the following cases, where changes in remedies were deemed to be of such a character as to interfere with substantial rights: Wilmington & W.R. Co. _v._ King, 91 U.S. 3 (1875); Memphis _v._ United States, 97 U.S. 293 (1878); Poindexter _v._ Greenhow, 114 U.S. 269, 270, 298, 299 (1885); Effinger _v._ Kenney, 115 U.S. 566 (1885); Fisk _v._ Jefferson Police Jury, 116 U.S. 131 (1885); Bradley _v._ Lightcap, 195 U.S. 1 (1904); Bank of Minden _v._ Clement, 256 U.S. 126 (1921).

[1707] Von Hoffman _v._ Quincy, 4 Wall. 535, 554-555 (1867).

[1708] _See also_ Louisiana ex rel. Nelson _v._ St. Martin's Parish, 111 U.S. 716 (1884).

[1709] Mobile _v._ Watson, 116 U.S. 289 (1886); Graham _v._ Folsom, 200 U.S. 248 (1906).

[1710] Heine _v._ Levee Commissioners, 19 Wall. 655 (1874). _Cf._ Virginia _v._ West Virginia, 246 U.S. 565 (1918).

[1711] Faitoute Iron & Steel Co. _v._ Asbury Park, 316 U.S. 502, 510 (1942). Alluding to the ineffectiveness of purely judicial remedies against defaulting munic.i.p.alities, Justice Frankfurter says: "For there is no remedy when resort is had to 'devices and contrivances' to nullify the taxing power which can be carried out only through authorized officials. _See_ Rees _v._ City of Watertown, 19 Wall. 107, 124 (1874).

And so we have had the spectacle of taxing officials resigning from office in order to frustrate tax levies through mandamus, and officials running on a platform of willingness to go to jail rather than to enforce a tax levy (_see_ Raymond, State and Munic.i.p.al Bonds, 342-343), and evasion of service by tax collectors, thus making impotent a court's mandate. Yost _v._ Dallas County, 236 U.S. 50, 57 (1915)." 316 U.S. at 511.

[1712] Myers _v._ Irwin, 2 Sergeant and Rawle's (Pa.), 367, 371 (1816); _also_, to same effect, Lindenmuller _v._ The People, 33 Barbour (N.Y.), 548 (1861). _See also_ Brown _v._ Pen.o.bscot Bank, 8 Ma.s.s. 445 (1812).

[1713] Manigault _v._ Springs, 199 U.S. 473, 480 (1905).

[1714] Jackson _v._ Lamphire, 3 Pet. 280 (1830). _See also_ Phalen _v._ Virginia, 8 How. 163 (1850).

[1715] Stone _v._ Mississippi, 101 U.S. 814 (1880).

[1716] Boston Beer Co. _v._ Ma.s.sachusetts, 97 U.S. 25 (1878).

[1717] New York C.R. Co. _v._ White, 243 U.S. 188 (1917). In this and the preceding two cases the legislative act involved did not except from its operation existing contracts.

[1718] Manigault _v._ Springs, 199 U.S. 473 (1905).

[1719] Portland Railway, Light & Power Co. _v._ Railroad Comm. of Oregon, 229 U.S. 397 (1913).

[1720] Midland Realty Co. _v._ Kansas City Power & Light Co., 300 U.S.

109 (1937).

[1721] Hudson County Water Co. _v._ McCarter, 209 U.S. 349 (1908).

[1722] Brown (Marcus) Holding Co. _v._ Feldman, 256 U.S. 170, 198 (1921); followed in Levy Leasing Co. _v._ Siegel, 258 U.S. 242 (1922).

[1723] Chastleton Corp. _v._ Sinclair, 264 U.S. 543, 547-548 (1924).

[1724] 290 U.S. 398 (1934).

[1725] Ibid. 442, 444. _See also_ Veix _v._ Sixth Ward Building and Loan a.s.sn. of Newark, 310 U.S. 32 (1940) in which was sustained a New Jersey statute, amending, in view of the Depression, the law governing building and loan a.s.sociations. The authority of the State to safeguard the vital interests of the people, said Justice Reed, "is not limited to health, morals and safety. It extends to economic needs as well." Ibid. 38-39.

[1726] _See_ especially Edwards _v._ Kearzey, 96 U.S. 595 (1878); and Barnitz _v._ Beverly, 163 U.S. 118 (1896).

[1727] 290 U.S. 398 (1934). As to conditions surrounding the enactment of moratorium statutes in 1933, _see_ New York Times of January 22, 1933, sec. II, pp. 1-2.

[1728] Worthen Co. _v._ Thomas, 292 U.S. 426 (1934); Worthen Co. _v._ Kavanaugh, 295 U.S. 56 (1935).

[1729] 295 U.S. at 62.

[1730] East New York Savings Bank _v._ Hahn, 326 U.S. 230, 235 (1945).