[754] Western U. Teleg. Co. _v._ New Hope, 187 U.S. 419, 425 (1903); Pure Oil Co. _v._ Minnesota, 248 U.S. 158, 162 (1918).

[755] New Mexico ex rel. McLean _v._ Denver & R.G.R. Co., 203 U.S. 38, 55 (1906). _Cf._ Red "C" Oil Mfg. Co. _v._ Board of Agriculture, 222 U.S. 380, 393 (1912); Western U. Teleg. Co. _v._ New Hope, 187 U.S. 419 (1903).

[756] Brimmer _v._ Rebman, 138 U.S. 78, 83 (1891); Postal Teleg. & Cable Co. _v._ Taylor, 192 U.S. 64 (1904); Pure Oil Co. _v._ Minnesota, 248 U.S. 158, 162 (1918).

[757] Atlantic & P. Teleg. Co. _v._ Philadelphia, 190 U.S. 160, 164 (1903); Postal Teleg. Cable Co. _v._ Taylor, 192 U.S. 64, 69 (1904); Foote & Co. _v._ Stanley, 232 U.S. 494, 503, 504 (1914).

[758] Foote & Co. _v._ Stanley, 232 U.S. 494, 505 (1914); Lugo _v._ Suazo, 59 F. (2d) 386 (1932).

[759] Western U. Teleg. Co. _v._ New Hope, 187 U.S. 419, 425 (1903); Foote & Co. _v._ Stanley, 232 U.S. 494, 507 (1914).

[760] Postal Teleg. Cable Co. _v._ New Hope, 192 U.S. 55 (1904); Foote & Co. _v._ Stanley, 232 U.S. 494, 508 (1914).

[761] 10 Stat. 112. Sustained in Pennsylvania _v._ Wheeling & Belmont Bridge Co., 18 How. 421 (1856).

[762] Pennsylvania _v._ Wheeling & Belmont Bridge Co., 13 How. 518 (1852).

[763] Transportation Co. _v._ Parkersburg, 107 U.S. 691, 701 (1883).

[764] 322 U.S. 533 (1944).

[765] 59 Stat. 33 (1945).

[766] 328 U.S. 408 (1946).

[767] Ibid. 429-430, 434-435.

[768] _See_ pp. 163-172.

[769] 9 Wheat. 1 (1824).

[770] Ibid. 203.

[771] 12 Wheat. 419 (1827).

[772] Ibid. 443-444.

[773] _Cf._ 12 Wheat. at 439-440.

[774] 11 Pet. 102 (1837).

[775] Smith _v._ Turner (Pa.s.senger Cases), 7 How. 283 (1849).

[776] Henderson _v._ New York, 92 U.S. 259 (1876).

[777] Ibid. 272.

[778] Chy Lung _v._ Freeman, 92 U.S. 275 (1876).

[779] Compagnie Francaise de Navigation _v._ Bd. of Health, 186 U.S.

380, 398, (1902). _See also_ Morgan's L. & T.R.S.S. Co. _v._ Bd. of Health, 118 U.S. 455 (1886); Louisiana _v._ Texas, 176 U.S. 1, 21 (1900).

[780] 211 U.S. 31, 36-37 (1908).

[781] As to concessions by the Court to the practical necessities of enforcement, _see also_ Bayside Fish Flour Co. _v._ Gentry, 297 U.S. 422 (1936); and Whitfield _v._ Ohio, 297 U.S. 431 (1936).

[782] 325 U.S. 761, 766-767.

[783] Ibid. 767; citing: Minnesota Rate Cases, 230 U.S. 352, 399, 400 (1913); South Carolina Highway Dept. _v._ Barnwell Bros., 303 U.S. 177, 187 (1938), et seq.; California _v._ Thompson, 313 U.S. 109, 113, 114 (1941) and cases cited; Parker _v._ Brown, 317 U.S. 341, 359, 360 (1943).

[784] 325 U.S. at 767; citing: Cooley _v._ Board of Wardens, 12 How. at 319 (1851); South Carolina Highway Dept. _v._ Barnwell Bros., 303 U.S.

at 185; California _v._ Thompson, 313 U.S. at 113; Duckworth _v._ Arkansas, 314 U.S. 390, 394 (1941); Parker _v._ Brown, 317 U.S. at 362, 363.

[785] 325 U.S. at 767; citing: South Carolina Highway Dept. _v._ Barnwell Bros., 303 U.S. at 188 and cases cited; Lone Star Gas Co. _v._ Texas, 304 U.S. 224, 238 (1938); Milk Board _v._ Eisenberg Co., 306 U.S.

346, 351 (1939); Maurer _v._ Hamilton, 309 U.S. 598, 603 (1940); California _v._ Thompson, 313 U.S. 113, 114 and cases cited.

[786] 325 U.S. at 767, 768; citing: Cooley _v._ Board of Wardens, 12 How. at 319 (1851); Leisy _v._ Hardin, 135 U.S. 100, 108, 109 (1890); Minnesota Rate Cases, 230 U.S. at 399, 400 (1913); Edwards _v._ California, 314 U.S. 160, 176 (1941).

[787] 325 U.S. at 768; citing: Brown _v._ Maryland, 12 Wheat. 419, 447 (1827); Minnesota Rate Cases, 230 U.S. at 399, 400; Pennsylvania _v._ West Virginia, 262 U.S. 553, 596 (1923); Baldwin _v._ Seelig, 294 U.S.

511, 522 (1935); South Carolina Highway Dept. _v._ Barnwell Bros., 303 U.S. at 185 (1938).

[788] 325 U.S. at 768; citing: Welton _v._ Missouri, 91 U.S. 275, 282 (1876); Hall _v._ DeCuir, 95 U.S. 485, 490 (1878); Brown _v._ Houston, 114 U.S. 622, 631 (1885); Bowman _v._ Chicago & N.W.R. Co., 125 U.S.

465, 481, 482 (1888); Leisy _v._ Hardin, 135 U.S. at 109; In re Rahrer, 140 U.S. 545, 559, 560 (1891); Brennan _v._ t.i.tusville, 153 U.S. 289, 302 (1894); Covington & C. Bridge Co. _v._ Kentucky, 154 U.S. 204, 212 (1894); Graves _v._ New York ex rel. O'Keefe, 306 U.S. 466, 479 (1939); Dowling, Interstate Commerce and State Power, 27 Va. Law Rev. 1 (1940).

[789] 325 U.S. at 769; citing: Parker _v._ Brown. 317 U.S. at 362 (1943); Terminal Railroad a.s.sn. _v._ Brotherhood, 318 U.S. 1, 8 (1943); _see_ Di Santo _v._ Pennsylvania, 273 U.S. 34, 44 (1927) (and compare California _v._ Thompson, 313 U.S. 109 (1941)); Illinois Gas Co. _v._ Public Service Co., 314 U.S. 498, 504, 505 (1942).

[790] 325 U.S. at 769; citing: Cooley _v._ Board of Wardens, 12 How. 299 (1851); Kansas City Southern R. Co. _v._ Kaw Valley District, 233 U.S.

75, 79 (1914); South Covington R. Co. _v._ Covington, 235 U.S. 537, 546 (1915); Missouri, K. & T.R. Co. _v._ Texas, 245 U.S. 484, 488 (1918); St. Louis & S.F.R. Co. _v._ Public Service Comm'n., 254 U.S. 535, 537 (1921): Foster-Fountain Packing Co. _v._ Haydel, 278 U.S. 1, 10 (1928); Gwin, White & Prince _v._ Henneford, 305 U.S. 434, 441 (1939); McCarroll _v._ Dixie Lines, 309 U.S. 176 (1940).

[791] 325 U.S. at 769; citing: In re Rahrer, 140 U.S. at 561, 562 (1891); Adams Express Co. _v._ Kentucky, 238 U.S. 190, 198 (1915); Rosenberger _v._ Pacific Express Co., 241 U.S. 48, 50, 51 (1916); Clark Distilling Co. _v._ Western Maryland R. Co., 242 U.S. 311, 325, 326 (1917); Whitfield _v._ Ohio, 297 U.S. 431, 438-440 (1936); Kentucky Whip & Collar Co. _v._ Illinois Central R. Co., 299 U.S. 334, 350, 351 (1937); Hooven & Allison Co. _v._ Evatt, 324 U.S. 652, 679 (1945).

[792] 325 U.S. at 769, 770; citing: Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. _v._ United States, 175 U.S. 211, 230 (1899); Louisville & Nashville R. Co.

_v._ Mottley, 219 U.S. 467 (1911); Houston, E. & W.T.R. Co. _v._ United States, 234 U.S. 342 (1914); American Express Co. _v._ Caldwell, 244 U.S. 617, 626 (1917); Illinois Central R. Co. _v._ Public Utilities Comm'n., 245 U.S. 493, 506 (1918); New York _v._ United States, 257 U.S.

591, 601 (1922); Louisiana Public Service Comm'n. _v._ Texas & N.O.R.

Co., 284 U.S. 125, 130 (1931); Pennsylvania R. Co. _v._ Illinois Brick Co., 297 U.S. 447, 459, (1936).

[793] 325 U.S. at 770; citing: Gwin, White & Prince _v._ Henneford, 305 U.S. 434, 441 (1939).

[794] 325 U.S. at 770; citing: Terminal Railroad a.s.sn. _v._ Brotherhood, 318 U.S. 1, 8 (1943); Southern R. Co. _v._ King, 217 U.S. 524 (1910).

[795] Peik _v._ Chicago & N.W.R. Co., 94 U.S. 164 (1877).

[796] Wabash, St. L. & P.R. Co. _v._ Illinois, 118 U.S. 557 (1886).

[797] 24 Stat. 379 (1887).

[798] Wisconsin Railroad Com. _v._ Chicago, B. & Q.R.R. Co., 257 U.S.

563 (1922).