[26] 314 U.S. 160, 177-183 (1941).

[27] Justices Douglas, Black, Murphy and Jackson.

[28] 6 Wall. 35 (1868).

[29] 279 U.S. 245, 251 (1929).

[30] 296 U.S. 404.

[31] _See_ Madden _v._ Kentucky, 309 U.S. 83, 93.

[32] 296 U.S. 404, 444, 445-446.

[33] 332 U.S. 633, 645, 640.

[34] Ibid. 640.

[35] Holden _v._ Hardy, 169 U.S. 366, 380 (1898).

[36] Williams _v._ Fears, 179 U.S. 270, 274 (1900).

[37] Wilmington Star Min. Co. _v._ Fulton, 205 U.S. 60, 74 (1907).

[38] Heim _v._ McCall, 239 U.S. 175 (1915); Crane _v._ New York, 239 U.S. 195 (1915).

[39] Missouri P.R. Co. _v._ Castle, 224 U.S. 541 (1912).

[40] Western U. Teleg. Co. _v._ Commercial Milling Co., 218 U.S. 406 (1910).

[41] Bradwell _v._ Illinois, 16 Wall. 130, 139 (1873); Re Lockwood, 154 U.S. 116 (1894).

[42] Kirtland _v._ Hotchkiss, 100 U.S. 491, 499 (1879).

[43] Bartemeyer _v._ Iowa, 18 Wall. 129 (1874); Mugler _v._ Kansas, 123 U.S. 623 (1887); Crowley _v._ Christensen, 137 U.S. 86, 91 (1890); Giozza _v._ Tiernan, 148 U.S. 657 (1893).

[44] Ex parte Kemmler, 136 U.S. 436 (1890).

[45] Minor _v._ Happersett, 21 Wall. 162 (1875).

[46] Pope _v._ Williams, 193 U.S. 621 (1904).

[47] Ferry _v._ Spokane, P. & S.R. Co., 258 U.S. 314 (1922).

[48] Walker _v._ Sauvinet, 92 U.S. 90 (1876).

[49] Presser _v._ Illinois, 116 U.S. 252, 267 (1886).

[50] Maxwell _v._ Dow, 176 U.S. 581, 596, 597-598 (1900).

[51] Twining _v._ New Jersey, 211 U.S. 78, 91-98 (1908). Reaffirmed in Adamson _v._ California, 332 U.S. 46, 51-53 (1947).

[52] New York ex rel. Bryant _v._ Zimmerman, 278 U.S. 63, 71 (1928).

[53] Palko _v._ Connecticut, 302 U.S. 319 (1937).

[54] Breedlove _v._ Suttles, 302 U.S. 277 (1937).

[55] Madden _v._ Kentucky, 309 U.S. 83, 92-93 (1940); overruling Colgate _v._ Harvey, 296 U.S. 404, 430 (1935).

[56] Snowden _v._ Hughes, 321 U.S. 1 (1944).

[57] MacDougall _v._ Green, 335 U.S. 281 (1948)

[58] Hibben _v._ Smith, 191 U.S. 310, 325 (1903).

[59] Carroll _v._ Greenwich Ins. Co., 199 U.S. 401, 410 (1905). _See also_ French _v._ Barber Asphalt Paving Co., 181 U.S. 324, 328 (1901).

[60] Scott _v._ Sandford, 19 How. 393, 450 (1857), is the exception.

_See_ pp. 963-964.

[61] 16 Wall. 36 (1873).

[62] Ibid. 80-81.

[63] 94 U.S. 113 (1877).

[64] Ibid. 134.

[65] 96 U.S. 97 (1878).

[66] Ibid. 103-104.

[67] 110 U.S. 516 (1884).

[68] Ibid. 528, 532, 536.

[69] 94 U.S. 113, 141-148 (1877).

[70] 123 U.S. 623, 661.

[71] 16 Wall. 36, 113-114, 116, 122 (1873).

[72] Savings & Loan a.s.sociation _v._ Topeka, 20 Wall. 655, 663 (1875).--"There are * * * rights in every free government beyond the control of the State. * * * There are limitations on [governmental power] which grow out of the essential nature of all free governments.

Implied reservations of individual rights, without which the social compact could not exist, * * *"

[73] "Rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness are equivalent to the rights of life, liberty, and property. These are the fundamental rights which can only be taken away by due process of law, and which can only be interfered with, or the enjoyment of which can only be modified, by lawful regulations necessary or proper for the mutual good of all; * * * This right to choose one's calling is an essential part of that liberty which it is the object of government to protect; and a calling, when chosen, is a man's property and right. * *

* A law which prohibits a large cla.s.s of citizens from adopting a lawful employment, or from following a lawful employment previously adopted, does deprive them of liberty as well as property, without due process of law."--Slaughter-House Cases, 16 Wall. 36, 116, 122 (Justice Bradley).