[132] 339 U.S. 703 (1950). Justices Black, Douglas and Burton dissented.

[133] United States _v._ Ju Toy, 198 U.S. 253, 263 (1905). _See also_ Yamataya _v._ Fisher, 189 U.S. 86, 100 (1903). _Cf._ United States ex rel. Knauff _v._ Shaughnessy, 338 U.S. 537 (1950).

[134] Oceanic Steam Navig. Co. _v._ Stranahan, 214 U.S. 320 (1909).

[135] Kwock Jan Fat _v._ White, 253 U.S. 454, 457 (1920). _See also_ Chin Yow _v._ United States, 208 U.S. 8 (1908).

[136] United States _v._ Sing Tuck, 194 U.S. 161 (1904). _See also_ Quon Quon Poy _v._ Johnson, 273 U.S. 352, 358 (1927).

[137] Zakonaite _v._ Wolf, 226 U.S. 272 (1012).

[138] 339 U.S. 33 (1950).

[139] 60 Stat. 237 (1946); 5 U.S.C. -- 1001 _et seq._ (1946).

[140] United States ex rel. Vajtauer _v._ Comr. of Immigration, 273 U.S.

103, 106 (1927). _See also_ Mahler _v._ Eby, 264 U.S. 32, 41 (1924).

[141] 198 U.S. 253 (1905).

[142] Ng Fung Ho _v._ White, 259 U.S. 276, 281 (1922).

[143] Ludecke _v._ Watkins, 335 U.S. 160 (1948). Three of the four dissenting Justices, Justices Douglas, Murphy and Rutledge, argued that even an enemy alien could not be deported without a fair hearing.

[144] Steward Machine Co. _v._ Davis, 301 U.S. 548, 584-585 (1937); Currin _v._ Wallace, 306 U.S. 1, 14 (1939); Sunshine Anthracite Coal Co.

_v._ Adkins, 310 U.S. 381, 401 (1940); Detroit Bank _v._ United States, 317 U.S. 329, 337, 338 (1943).

[145] Hill _v._ United States ex rel. Weiner, 300 U.S. 105, 109 (1937).

[146] District of Columbia _v._ Brooke, 214 U.S. 138 (1909).

[147] Panama R. Co. _v._ Johnson, 264 U.S. 375, 392 (1924).

[148] United States _v._ Rock Royal Co-operative, 307 U.S. 533, 562, 565 (1939).

[149] Currin _v._ Wallace, 306 U.S. 1 (1939).

[150] Detroit Bank _v._ United States, 317 U.S. 329 (1943).

[151] Hurd _v._ Hodge, 334 U.S. 24 (1948).

[152] Thiel _v._ Southern Pacific Co., 328 U.S. 217 (1946).

[153] 323 U.S. 192 (1944).

[154] Ibid. 198, 199.

[155] Ibid. 208, 209. _Cf._ the following sentence from the concurring opinion of Justice Jackson in Railway Express Agency, Inc. _v._ New York, 336 U.S. 106, 112 (1949): "I regard it as a salutary doctrine that cities, states and the Federal Government must exercise their powers so as not to discriminate between their inhabitants except upon some reasonable differentiation fairly related to the object of regulation."

[156] 208 U.S. 161, 174 (1908).

[157] 313 U.S. 177, 187 (1941).

[158] 261 U.S. 525, 546 (1923).

[159] 300 U.S. 379, 400 (1937).

[160] Addyston Pipe and Steel Co. _v._ United States, 175 U.S. 211, 229 (1899).

[161] Baltimore & O.R. Co. _v._ Interstate Commerce Commission, 221 U.S.

612 (1911); Wilson _v._ New, 243 U.S. 322 (1917); Ellis _v._ United States, 206 U.S. 246 (1907). _See also_ United States _v._ Garbish, 222 U.S. 257 (1911).

[162] Patterson _v._ The "Eudora," 190 U.S. 169 (1903).

[163] Philadelphia, B. & W.R. Co. _v._ Schubert, 224 U.S. 603 (1912).

[164] Texas & N.O.R. Co. _v._ Brotherhood of Railway & S.S. Clerks, 281 U.S. 548 (1930); Virginian R. Co. _v._ System Federation, 300 U.S. 515, 559 (1937); National Labor Relations Board _v._ Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1 (1937).

[165] Highland _v._ Russell Car & Snow Plow Co., 279 U.S. 253, 261 (1929); United States _v._ Rock Royal Co-operative, 307 U.S. 533 (1939); Sunshine Anthracite Coal Co. _v._ Adkins, 310 U.S. 381 (1940); Bowles _v._ Willingham, 321 U.S. 503 (1944).

[166] Farrington _v._ Tokushige, 273 U.S. 284 (1927).

[167] Yu Cong Eng _v._ Trinidad, 271 U.S. 500, 525 (1926).

[168] Fleming _v._ Rhodes, 331 U.S. 100, 107 (1947).

[169] Woods _v._ Stone, 333 U.S. 472 (1948).

[170] 332 U.S. 194, 203 (1947).

[171] Knox _v._ Lee, 12 Wall. 457, 551 (1871).

[172] Norman _v._ Baltimore & O.R. Co., 294 U.S. 240 (1935).

[173] 44 Stat. 1424 (1927), 33 U.S.C. 901 _et seq._ (1946).

[174] Paramino Lumber Co. _v._ Marshall, 309 U.S. 370 (1940).

[175] Mulford _v._ Smith, 307 U.S. 38 (1939).

[176] McFaddin _v._ Evans-Snider-Buel Co., 185 U.S. 505 (1902).

[177] Montoya _v._ Gonzales, 232 U.S. 375 (1914).

[178] Ochoa _v._ Hernandez y Morales, 230 U.S. 139 (1913).

[179] United States ex rel. Burnett _v._ Teller, 107 U.S. 64, 68 (1883).

[180] Oregon & C.R. Co. _v._ United States, 243 U.S. 549 (1917).