[495] 127 U.S. 265 (1888).

[496] 2 Dall. 419, 431-432 (1793).

[497] 127 U.S. 265, 289-300. This case also follows the general rule that a corporation chartered by the laws of a State, is a citizen of that State for purposes of federal jurisdiction.

[498] 304 U.S. 387 (1938).

[499] 220 U.S. 277, 286-289 (1911).

[500] 316 U.S. 159 (1942).

[501] 220 U.S. 277 (1911).

[502] 324 U.S. 439 (1945).

[503] 206 U.S. 230 (1907). Here the Court entertained a suit by Georgia and enjoined the Copper company from discharging noxious gases from their works in Tennessee over Georgia's territory.

[504] 324 U.S. 439, 447-448, citing and quoting Georgia _v._ Tennessee Copper Co., 206 U.S. 230, 237 (1907).

[505] 324 U.S. 439, 450, citing Missouri _v._ Illinois, 180 U.S. 208, 219-224, 241 (1901); Virginia _v._ West Virginia, 246 U.S. 565, 599 (1918); Georgia _v._ Tennessee Copper Co., 206 U.S. 230, 237 (1907).

[506] Ibid. 451, 468. Chief Justice Stone, joined by Justices Roberts, Frankfurter, and Jackson dissented on the ground that the suit actually was one for a district court, that a State is without standing to maintain suit for injuries sustained by its citizens and residents for which they may sue in their own behalf, and that as presented the suit was not one in which a court of equity could give effective relief.

[507] 2 Cr. 445, 452-453 (1805).

[508] Ibid. 453.

[509] New Orleans _v._ Winter et al., 1 Wheat. 91 (1816).

[510] 54 Stat. 143 (1940); 28 U.S.C.A. 1332.

[511] 337 U.S. 582 (1949).

[512] Ibid. 583-604.

[513] Ibid. 604-625.

[514] Ibid. 626-646.

[515] Ibid. 646-655.

[516] Ibid. 655.

[517] Knox _v._ Greenleaf, 4 Dall. 360 (1802).

[518] Shelton _v._ Tiffin, 6 How. 163 (1848).

[519] Williamson _v._ Osenton, 232 U.S. 619 (1014).

[520] Shelton _v._ Tiffin, 6 How. 163 (1848).

[521] Williamson _v._ Osenton, 232 U.S. 619 (1914).

[522] Jones _v._ League, 18 How. 76 (1855).

[523] Shelton _v._ Tiffin, 6 How. 163 (1848).

[524] 5 Cr. 61, 86 (1809).

[525] 14 Pet. 60 (1840).

[526] Strawbridge _v._ Curtiss, 3 Cr. 267 (1806). The Slocomb Case had to be dismissed because two members of the defendant corporation were citizens of the same State as the plaintiffs.

[527] 2 How. 497 (1844).

[528] Ibid. 558.

[529] Muller _v._ Dows, 94 U.S. 444, 445 (1877). This fiction had its beginning in Marshall _v._ Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 16 How. 314, 329 (1854) and attained final approval in St. Louis & S.F. Ry. Co. _v._ James, 161 U.S. 545, 554 (1896).

[530] John Chipman Gray, The Nature and Sources of the Law, 2d ed. (New York, 1927), 34.

[531] Dodge _v._ Woolsey, 18 How. 331 (1856); Mechanics' & Traders' Bank _v._ Debolt, 18 How. 380 (1856).

[532] Gray, _op. cit._, 185-186. Although Justice Wayne criticized the Strawbridge Case as going too far, later developments in determining the citizenship of corporations, have enabled the Court to restore it to its original status. Consequently the rule still requires that to maintain a diversity proceeding all the parties on one side must be citizens of different States from all the parties on the other side. Treinies _v._ Sunshine Mining Co., 308 U.S. 66 (1939); City of Indianapolis _v._ Chase National Bank, 314 U.S. 63 (1941).

[533] _See_ Southern Realty Co. _v._ Walker, 211 U.S. 603 (1909), where two Georgians who conducted all of that business in Georgia created a sham corporation in South Dakota for the sole purpose of bringing suits in the federal courts which ordinarily would have been brought in the Georgia courts. Diversity jurisdiction was held not to exist because of collusion.

[534] Black and White Taxicab & T. Co. _v._ Brown & Yellow Taxicab & T.

Co., 276 _v._ U.S. 518 (1928).

[535] 16 Pet. 1 (1842).

[536] 16 Pet. 1.

[537] Ibid. 19. Justice Story concluded this portion of the opinion as follows: "The law respecting negotiable instruments may be truly declared in the language of Cicero, adopted by Lord Mansfield in Luke _v._ Lyde, 2 Burr. 883, 887, to be in great measure, not the law of a single country only, but of the commercial world. _Non erit alia lex Romae, alia Athenis; alia nunc, alia posthac, sed et apud omenes gentes, et omni tempore una eademque lex obtinebit._" Ibid. 9.

[538] _See_ Simeon E. Baldwin, The American Judiciary (New York, 1920), 169-170. _See also_ Justice Catron's statement in Swift _v._ Tyson, 16 Pet. 1, 23.

[539] The Tyson doctrine was extended to wills in Lane _v._ Vick, 3 How.

464 (1845); to torts in Chicago City _v._ Robbins, 2 Bl. 418 (1862); to real estate t.i.tles and the rights of riparian owners in Yates _v._ Milwaukee, 10 Wall. 497 (1870); to mineral conveyances in Kuhn _v._ Fairmont Coal Co., 215 U.S. 349 (1910); to contracts in Rowan _v._ Runnels, 5 How. 134 (1847); and to the right to exemplary or punitive damages in Lake Sh.o.r.e & M.S.R. Co. _v._ Prentice, 147 U.S. 101 (1893).

By 1888 there were 28 kinds of cases in which federal and State courts applied different rules of the common law. _See_ George C. Holt, The Concurrent Jurisdiction of the Federal and State Courts (New York, 1888), 159-188.

[540] Rowan _v._ Runnels, 5 How. 134 (1847); Gelpcke _v._ Dubuque, 1 Wall. 175 (1864).

[541] Williamson _v._ Berry, 8 How. 495 (1850); Pease _v._ Peck, 18 How.

595 (1856); Watson _v._ Tarpley, 18 How. 517 (1856).

[542] Lane _v._ Vick, 3 How. 464 (1845); Williamson _v._ Berry, 8 How.

495 (1850); Gelpcke _v._ Dubuque, 1 Wall. 175 (1864).