88 "a Shoulder of Mutton" "a Shoulder of Mutton": Ibid., part 3, ch. 2.

88 Albert Einstein and his wife Albert Einstein and his wife: Marcia Bartusiak, "Einstein and Beyond," National Geographic National Geographic, May 2005, available at http://science.nationalgeo graphic.com/science/s.p.a.ce/universe/beyond-einstein.html.

89 "All the books of Moses" "All the books of Moses": John Redwood, Reason Reason, Ridicule Ridicule, and Religion and Religion, p.119, and Roy Porter, The Creation of the Modern World The Creation of the Modern World, p.130.

89 "Is there anything more Absurd" "Is there anything more Absurd": Hunter, Science and Society in Restoration England Science and Society in Restoration England, p.175.

CHAPTER 15. A PLAY WITHOUT AN AUDIENCE.

91fn The moon gave the Greeks The moon gave the Greeks: Jurgen Renn, ed., Galileo in Context Galileo in Context (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p.198. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p.198.

92fn The stars will not look The stars will not look: Albert Boime, "Van Gogh's Starry Night Starry Night: A History of Matter and a Matter of History, " Arts Magazine Arts Magazine, December 1984, available at http://www.albertboime.com/Articles.cfm. Donald Olson, a Texas State University astronomer, has carried out similar work, notably a study of Edvard Munch's The Scream. The Scream.

93 "The falling body moved more jubilantly" "The falling body moved more jubilantly": Herbert b.u.t.terfield, The Origins of Modern Science The Origins of Modern Science, p.6.

93 "a book written in mathematical characters" "a book written in mathematical characters": The pa.s.sage is from Galileo's a.s.sayer a.s.sayer (1623), available at http://www.princeton.edu/hos/h291/a.s.sayer.htm. (1623), available at http://www.princeton.edu/hos/h291/a.s.sayer.htm.

94fn Galileo's intellectual offspring Galileo's intellectual offspring: Richard Feynman, The Character of Physical Law, p.58.

94 "the actuality of a potentiality" "the actuality of a potentiality": Quoted in Joe Sachs, "Aristotle: Motion and Its Place in Nature," at http://www.iep.utm.edu/aris-mot/. The remark is quoted in slightly different form in Oded Balaban, "The Modern Misunderstanding of Aristotle's Theory of Motion," at http://tinyurl.com/y24yvwo.

94 "If the ears "If the ears, the tongue" the tongue": Galileo, The a.s.sayer. The a.s.sayer.

95 "communicate in the language" "communicate in the language": Charles Coulston Gillispie, The Edge of Objectivity The Edge of Objectivity, p.43.

95 "Do not all charms fly" "Do not all charms fly": John Keats, Lamia Lamia, part 2.

95 "When I heard the learn'd astronomer" "When I heard the learn'd astronomer": Walt Whitman, "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer."

96 "Shut up and calculate" "Shut up and calculate": The remark is nearly always attributed to Feynman, it seems to have been coined by the physicist David Mermin. See David Mermin, "Could Feynman Have Said This?," Physics Today Physics Today, May 2004, p.10, available at http://tinyurl.com/yz5qxhp.

96 People do not "know a thing" People do not "know a thing": Steven Nadler, "Doctrines of explanation in late scholasticism and in the mechanical philosophy," in Daniel Garber and Michael Ayers, eds., The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Philosophy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998) (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).

96 "not a necessary part" "not a necessary part": Kline, Mathematics Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty The Loss of Certainty, p.47, quoting Galileo, Two New Sciences. Two New Sciences.

CHAPTER 16. ALL IN PIECES.

97 "It is not only the heavens" "It is not only the heavens": Richard Westfall, "Newton and the Scientific Revolution," in Stayer, ed., Newton's Dream Newton's Dream, p.10.

98 seventeenth-century Italy feared science seventeenth-century Italy feared science: Some recent scholars have argued that this notion is out of date. "The older Italian historiography tended to present late seventeenth-century science as sucked back in time by the black hole of Galileo's trial," writes Mario Biagioli, but "recent work has shown that such a simple explanation will not do." See Roy Porter and Mikulas Teich, eds., eds., The Scientific Revolution in National Context The Scientific Revolution in National Context (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p.12. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p.12.

98 "for at the slightest jar" "for at the slightest jar": Thomas Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution The Copernican Revolution, p.190, quoting Jean Bodin.

99 "Worst of all" "Worst of all": Ibid., p.193.

99 "Sense pleads for Ptolemy" "Sense pleads for Ptolemy": Kline, Mathematics in Western Culture Mathematics in Western Culture, p.117.

101 With no other rationale With no other rationale: Richard Westfall, "Newton and the Scientific Revolution," pp.67.

101 "If the moon "If the moon, the planets" the planets": Arthur Koestler, The Sleepwalkers The Sleepwalkers, p.498.

102 "The Sun is lost" "The Sun is lost": John Donne, "An Anatomy of the World."

CHAPTER 17. NEVER SEEN UNTIL THIS MOMENT.

105 "on or about December 1910" "on or about December 1910": Virginia Woolf, "Character in Fiction." Woolf had in mind how writers like James Joyce portrayed their characters' inner lives.

105 "The Mathematical Professor at Padua" "The Mathematical Professor at Padua": Nicolson, "The 'New Astronomy' and English Imagination," p.35.

106 He had known "all the stars" He had known "all the stars": Kitty Ferguson, Tycho and Kepler Tycho and Kepler, p.46.

106 "the greatest wonder" "the greatest wonder": Ibid., p.47.

107 a standing-room-only crowd a standing-room-only crowd: Nicolson, "The Telescope and Imagination," p.8.

107 On the morning of September 3 On the morning of September 3, 1609 1609: New-York Historical Society Collections, 2nd ser. (1841), vol.1, pp.7174. This is from an excerpt online at http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5829.

108 The breakthrough that made the telescope: The breakthrough that made the telescope: Albert Van Helden, ed., in his "Introduction" to Albert Van Helden, ed., in his "Introduction" to Sidereal Nuncius Sidereal Nuncius (The Sidereal Messenger) (The Sidereal Messenger), by Galileo Galilei (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), pp.23. by Galileo Galilei (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), pp.23.

108 They took turns peering They took turns peering: Ibid., p.6.

108 "Many of the n.o.bles" "Many of the n.o.bles": Nicolson, "The Telescope and Imagination," p.12.

108 "to discover at a much greater distance" "to discover at a much greater distance": Van Helden, "Introduction," p.7.

109 It It revealed revealed true features true features: Shapin, The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution, p.72. I owe to Shapin these observations about the telescope having had to prove its trustworthiness. Shapin also cites a variety of other factors that made the telescope hard to use and hard to evaluate.

109 Galileo continued to improve Galileo continued to improve: Van Helden, "Introduction," p.9.

109 "absolute novelty" "absolute novelty": The quotes from Galileo in this paragraph and in the next several sentences come from Nicolson, "The Telescope and Imagination," pp.1415.

111 Why could not the Earth itself? Why could not the Earth itself?: Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution The Copernican Revolution, p.222.

111 What could be "more splendid" What could be "more splendid": Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being The Great Chain of Being, p.126.

111 "When the heavens were a little" "When the heavens were a little": Ibid., p.133.

112 "The eternal silence of these infinite s.p.a.ces" "The eternal silence of these infinite s.p.a.ces": Ibid., p.127.

112 Man occupied "the filth and mire" Man occupied "the filth and mire": Ibid., p.102. E. M. W. Tillyard, in The Elizabethan World Picture The Elizabethan World Picture, writes that "the earth in the Ptolemaic system was the cesspool of the universe" (p.39).

113 Galileo's adversary Cardinal Bellarmine Galileo's adversary Cardinal Bellarmine: Karen Armstrong, A History of G.o.d A History of G.o.d, p.290.

CHAPTER 18. FLIES AS BIG AS A LAMB.

114 He put his own saliva He put his own saliva: On September 17, 1683, Leeuwenhoek described his teeth-cleaning routine and the "animalcules" he found in his mouth. Excerpts from that letter, and much other material related to Leeuwenhoek's discoveries, can be found at http://ucmp.berkely.edu/history/leeuwen hoek.htm.

115 "exceedingly small animals" "exceedingly small animals": Marjorie Nicolson, "The Microscope and English Imagination," p.167. "The Microscope and English Imagination," p.167.

115 And he had witnesses And he had witnesses: Ibid., p.167.

115 the first person ever to see sperm cells the first person ever to see sperm cells: The Collected Letters of Antoni van Leeu- wenhoek The Collected Letters of Antoni van Leeu- wenhoek, edited by a Committee of Dutch Scientists (Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1941), vol.2, pp.28395. This letter was written in November 1677 to William Brouncker, president of the Royal Society.

116 "His Majesty seeing the little animals" "His Majesty seeing the little animals": Clara Pinto-Correia, The Ovary of Eve The Ovary of Eve (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), p.69. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), p.69.

116 "limbs with joints "limbs with joints, veins in these limbs" veins in these limbs": Nicolson, "The Microscope and English Imagination," p.210.

117 "Were men and beast made" "Were men and beast made": Michael White, Isaac Newton Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer The Last Sorcerer, p.149, quoting a notebook entry of Newton's headed "Of G.o.d."

117 "large Hollows and Roughnesses" "large Hollows and Roughnesses": Robert Hooke, Micrographia. Micrographia. See http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/rest5a.htm. See http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/rest5a.htm.

117 "flies which look as big as a lamb" "flies which look as big as a lamb": "Commentary on Galileo Galilei," in James Newman, ed., The World of Mathematics The World of Mathematics, vol.2, p.732fn.

118 "a fine moss growing" "a fine moss growing": Lisa Jardine, The Curious Life of Robert Hooke The Curious Life of Robert Hooke, p.164.

118 "one who walks about" "one who walks about": Westfall, Science and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England Science and Religion in Seventeenth-Century England, p.27.

119 "There may be as much curiosity" "There may be as much curiosity": Shapin, The Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution, p.145.

CHAPTER 19. FROM EARTHWORMS TO ANGELS.

120 "Cubes "Cubes, Rhombs Rhombs, Pyramids" Pyramids": Nicolson, "The Microscope and English Imagination," p.209, quoting Henry Baker, Employment for the Microscope Employment for the Microscope. Baker wrote much later than Leeuwenhoek, in 1753, but everyone who has ever looked through a microscope has uttered some variant of Baker's remark.

121 The central idea was that all the objects The central idea was that all the objects: Tillyard, The Elizabethan World Picture The Elizabethan World Picture, p.26.

121 "We must believe that" "We must believe that": Ibid., p.40.

122 He strapped himself each day He strapped himself each day: John Carey, "Pope's Fallibility," in Original Copy Original Copy: Selected Reviews and Journalism 19691986 Selected Reviews and Journalism 19691986 (London: Faber & Faber, 1987), p.109, and Harold Bloom, (London: Faber & Faber, 1987), p.109, and Harold Bloom, Genius Genius (New York: Warner, 2002), p.271. (New York: Warner, 2002), p.271.

123 "The work of the creator" "The work of the creator": Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being The Great Chain of Being, p.53.

123 "worthy of an infinite CREATOR" "worthy of an infinite CREATOR": Ibid., p.133.

123 "We must say that G.o.d" "We must say that G.o.d": Ibid., p.224.

124 "If G.o.d had made use" "If G.o.d had made use": Ibid., p.179.

124 "and the characters are triangles" "and the characters are triangles": Galileo, The a.s.sayer. The a.s.sayer.

124 "Nature is pleased with simplicity" "Nature is pleased with simplicity": G. A. J. Rogers, "Newton and the Guaranteeing G.o.d," in Force and Popkin, eds., Newton and Religion Newton and Religion, p.232, quoting Newton's Principia. Principia.

124 "It is impossible that G.o.d" "It is impossible that G.o.d": Paolo Rossi, Logic and the Art of Memory Logic and the Art of Memory, p.193.

125 "G.o.d always complies" "G.o.d always complies": Peter K. Machamer, The Cambridge Companion to Galileo The Cambridge Companion to Galileo (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p.193. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p.193.

125 "Nature does not make jumps" "Nature does not make jumps": Robert Nisbet, History of the Idea of Progress History of the Idea of Progress (New York: Basic Books, 1980), p.158. (New York: Basic Books, 1980), p.158.

125 "If triangles had a G.o.d" "If triangles had a G.o.d": Montesquieu, Persian Letters Persian Letters, no. 59.

125 "Einstein was a man who" "Einstein was a man who": Jacob Bronowski, The Ascent of Man The Ascent of Man, p.256.

CHAPTER 20. THE PARADE OF THE HORRIBLES.

126 "vast Mult.i.tude of different Sorts" "vast Mult.i.tude of different Sorts": John Ray, The Wisdom of G.o.d Manifested in the Works of the Creation The Wisdom of G.o.d Manifested in the Works of the Creation, available at http://www.jri.org.uk/ray/wisdom/index.htm.

127 "How extremely stupid" "How extremely stupid": Leonard Huxley, The Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley The Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley (New York: Appleton, 1916), vol.1, p.176. (New York: Appleton, 1916), vol.1, p.176.

127 "It is natural to admit" "It is natural to admit": Andre Maurois cites Voltaire's remark in his introduction to Voltaire's Candide Candide, trans. Lowell Blair (New York: Bantam, 1959), p.5.

128 "Some kinds of beasts" "Some kinds of beasts": Michael White, Isaac Newton Isaac Newton, p.149.

128 The world contained wood The world contained wood: Thomas, Man and the Natural World Man and the Natural World, p.20.