[29] Isidore, _Origines_, Book VI., Chap. 5.

[30] Lanciani, _Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome_, ed. 1897, p. 471.

Middleton, Ancient Rome, 1892, II. 204, 205.

[31] Nibby, _Roma Antica_, p. 601. [Augusto] vi aggiunse un luogo per conversare chiamato _Schola_.

[32] Vell. Pat., Book 1., Chap. II. Hic est Metellus Macedonicus qui porticus quae fuere circ.u.mdatae duabus aedibus sine inscriptione positis, quae nunc Octaviae porticibus ambiuntur, fecerat.

[33] Suet. _De Ill.u.s.tr. Gramm._ c. 2.

[34] Middleton, _Ancient Rome_, 1892, II. 205.

[35] I have taken these dimensions from Middleton's Plan of the Palatine Hill (_ut supra_, p. 156), but until the site has been excavated they must be more or less conjectural.

[36] Middleton, _Ibid._, I. 185-188. The evidence for the portraits rests on the following pa.s.sage in the _Annals_ of Tacitus ii. 37, where he is relating how Hortalus, grandson of the orator Hortensius, being reduced to poverty, came with his four children to the Senate: "igitur quatuor filiis ante limen curiae adstantibus, loco sententiae, c.u.m in Palatio senatus haberetur, modo Hortensii inter oratores sitam imaginem, modo Augusti, intuens, ad hunc modum coepit."

[37] Pausanias, _Attica_, Book I., Chap. 18, -- 9, ed. J. G. Frazer, Vol.

I., p. 26.

[38] The above description is derived from Miss Harrison's book, _ut supra_, pp. 195-198; Pausanias, ed. J. G. Frazer, Vol. II., pp. 184, 185.

[39] Eusebius, _Chronicon_, ed. Schone, Vol. II., p. 167.

[40] Middleton, _Ancient Rome_, I. 186.

[41] _Tristia_, III. 59.

[42] _Epist._, I. 3. 17.

[43] _Noctes Atticae_, V. 21. 9.

[44] Vopiscus, _Hist. Aug. Script._, II. 637.

[45] Aulus Gellius, _ut supra_, XVI. 8. 2.

[46] _Ibid._, XI. 17. 1.

[47] Flavii Vopisci _Tacitus_, c. 8.

[48] Id., _Aurelia.n.u.s_, c. 1.

[49] _Noctes Atticae_, XIX. 5.

[50] Plutarch, _Lucullus_, Chap. XLII. [Greek: Spondes d' axia kai logoy ta peri ten ton biblion kataskeuen. kai gar polla, kai gegrammena kalos, sunege, e te chresis en philotimotera tes kteseos, aneimenon pasi ton bibliothekon, kai ton peri autas peripaton kai scholaoterlon akolutos upodechomenon tous Ellenas, osper eis Mouson ti katagogion ekeise phoitontas kai sundiemereuontas allelois, apo ton allon chreion asmenos apotrechontas].

[51] _De Tranquillitate Animi_, Chap. IX. Studiorum quoque quae liberalissima impensa est, tamdiu rationem habet quamdiu modum. Quo innumerabiles libros et bibliothecas quarum dominus vix tota vita indices perlegit? onerat discentem turba, non instruit, multoque satius est paucis te auctoribus tradere, quam errare per multos. Quadraginta milia librorum Alexandriae a.r.s.erunt: pulcherrimum regiae opulentiae monumentum alius laudaverit, sicut et Livius, qui _elegantiae regum curaeque egregium id opus_ ait _fuisse_: non fuit elegantia illud aut cura, sed studiosa luxuria, immo ne studiosa quidem, quoniam non in studium sed in spectaculum comparaverant sicut plerisque ignaris etiam servilium literarum libri non studiorum instrumenta sed coenationum ornamenta sunt.

Paretur itaque librorum quantum satis sit, nihil in adparatum. "Honestius"

inquis "hoc impensis quas in Corinthia pictasque tabulas effuderim."

Vitiosum est ubique quod nimium est. Quid habes cur ignoscas homini armaria citro atque ebore captanti, corpora conquirenti aut ignotorum auctorum aut improbatorum et inter tot milia librorum oscitanti, cui voluminum suorum frontes maxime placent t.i.tulique? Apud desidiosissimos ergo videbis quicquid orationum historiarumque est, tecto tenus exstructa loculamenta. Iam enim inter balnearia et thermas bibliotheca quoque ut necessarium domus ornamentum expolitur. Ignoscerem plane, si studiorum nimia cupidine oriretur: nunc ista conquisita, c.u.m imaginibus suis descripta, sacrorum opera ingeniorum in speciem et cultum parietum comparantur. With this pa.s.sage may be compared Lucian's tract: [Greek: eros apaideuton kai polla biblia onoumenon.] My friend Mr F. Darwin in informs me that the Latin citrus, or Greek [Greek: kedros], is the coniferous tree called _Thuia articulata = Callitris quadrivalvis_. See Helm, _Kulturpflanzen_, Berl. 1894. Engl. Trans, p. 431.

[52] Lanciani, _Ancient Rome_, 8vo. 1888, p. 193.

[53] _Ancient Rome_, ed. 1892, ii. 254.

[54] _Phil. Trans._, Vol. XLVIII., Pt 2, p. 634.

[55] _Ibid._, p. 821.

[56] _Ibid._, p. 825.

[57] _Opere di G. G. Winckelmann_, Prato, 1831, VII. 197.

[58] Lanciani, _Ruins of Ancient Rome_, pp. 213-217. He describes and figures Ligorio's elevation, from MS. Vat. 3439, in _Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma_, Ann. X. Ser. II., 1882. pp. 29-54. See also Middleton, _Ancient Rome_, 1892, II. 15-19. The plan of Rome called the Capitoline Plan, because it is now preserved in the Museum of the Capitol, was fixed to the north-east wall (fig. 7. 3).

[59] The average length of a roll may be taken at 20-30 ft.; the width at 9-11 in. See _The Palaeography of Greek Papyri_, by F. G. Kenyon, Oxf.

1899, Chap. II.

[60] The breadth of these columns from left to right was not great, and their length was considerably shorter than the width of the roll, as a margin was left at the top and bottom.

[61] _Antichita di Ercolano_, Fol. Napoli, 1779. Vol. V., Tavola 55, p.

243.

[62] In this statue the roll is a restoration, but a perfectly correct one. It is original, and slightly different, in the replica of the statue at Knowle Park, Sevenoaks, Kent. See a paper on this statue by J. E.

Sandys. Litt.D. in _Melanges Weil_, 1898. pp. 423-428.

[63] Horace, _Epodes_, XIV. 5-8. Comp. Martial, _Epigrams_, IV. 89. Ohe!

libelle, Iam pervenimus usque ad umbilicos.

[64] _Tristia_, I. i. 109.

[65] Catullus (XXII. 7) says of a roll which had been got up with special smartness:

Novi umbilici, lora rubra, membrana Directa plumbo, et pumice omnia aequata.

[66] Lucian, _Adv. Indoct._, Chap. 16.

[67] _Epigrams_, X. 93.

[68] My friend M. R. James, Litt.D., of King's College, has kindly given me the following note: In the apocryphal a.s.sumption of Moses Joshua is told to 'cedar' Moses' words (= rolls), and to lay them up in Jerusalem: "quos ordinabis et chedriabis et repones in vasis fictilibus in loco quem fecit [Deus] ab initio creaturae orbis terrarum." a.s.sump. Mos., ed.

Charles, I. 17. See also Dueange, s.v. Cedria. Vitruvius (II. ix. 13) says: "ex cedro oleum quod cedreum dicitur nascitur, quo reliquae res c.u.m sint unctae, uti etiam libri, a tineis et earie non laeduntur." See above, p. 22.

[69] _Epigrams_, III. ii. 6.

[70] Ovid (_Tristia_, I. i. 105) addressing his book, says:

c.u.m tamen in nostrum fueris penetrale receptus Contigerisque tuam, scrinia curva, domum.

[71] _Epigrams_, I. 117.