This story fits the definition. With a dial-up number and an account, the attacker didn't even have to bother trying to defeat an Internet firewall, and, once inside, he was easily able to compromise most of the systems on the internal network.

Through my sources, I understand this exact ruse was worked on one of the largest computer software manufacturers in the world. You would think the systems administrators in such a company would be trained to detect this type of ruse. But in my experience, n.o.body is completely safe if a social engineer is clever and persuasive enough.

LINGO.

CANDY SECURITY A term coined by Bellovin and Cheswick of Bell Labs to describe a security scenario where the outer perimeter, such as firewall, is strong, but the infrastructure behind it is weak. The term refers to M&M candy, which has a hard outer sh.e.l.l and soft center.

LINGO.

SPEAKEASY SECURITY Security that relies on knowing where desired information is, and using a word or name to gain access to that information or computer system. Security that relies on knowing where desired information is, and using a word or name to gain access to that information or computer system.

SPEAKEASY SECURITY.

In the old days of speakeasies - those Prohibition-era nightclubs where so-called bathtub gin flowed--a would-be customer gained admission by showing up at the door and knocking. After a few moments, a small flap in the door would swing open and a tough, intimidating face would peer out. If the visitor was in the know, he would speak the name of some frequent patron of the place ("Joe sent me" was often enough), whereupon the bouncer inside would unlatch the door and let him in.

The real trick lay in knowing the location of the speakeasy because the door was unmarked, and the owners didn't exactly hang out neon signs to mark their presence. For the most part, just showing up at the right place was about all it took to get in. The same degree of safekeeping is, unhappily, practiced widely in the corporate world, providing a level of non protection that I call speakeasy security.

I Saw It at the Movies Here's an ill.u.s.tration from a favorite movie that many people will remember. In Three Days of the Condor the central character, Turner (played by Robert Redford), works for a small research firm contracted by the CIA. One day he comes back from a lunch run to find that all his co workers have been gunned down. He's left to figure out who has done this and why, all the while knowing that the bad guys, whoever they are, are looking for him.

Late in the story, Turner manages to get the phone number of one the bad guys.

But who is this person, and how can Turner pin down his location? He's in luck: The screenwriter, David Rayfiel, has happily given Turner a background that includes training as a telephone lineman with the Army Signal Corps, making him knowledgeable about techniques and practices of the phone company. With the bad guy's phone number in hand, Turner knows exactly what to do. In the screenplay, the scene reads like this: TURNER RECONNECTS and TAPS OUT ANOTHER NUMBER.

RING! RING! Then: WOMAN'S VOICE (FILTER) CNA, Mrs. Coleman speaking. VOICE (FILTER) CNA, Mrs. Coleman speaking.

TURNER (into test set) This is Harold Thomas, Mrs. Coleman. Customer Service.

CNA on 202-555-7389, please.

WOMAN'S VOICE (FILTER) One moment, please. (almost at once) Leonard Atwood, 765 MacKensie Lane, Chevy Chase, Maryland. VOICE (FILTER) One moment, please. (almost at once) Leonard Atwood, 765 MacKensie Lane, Chevy Chase, Maryland.

Ignoring the fact that the screenwriter mistakenly uses a Washington, D.C., area code for a Maryland address, can you spot what just happened here?

Turner, because of his training as a telephone lineman, knew what number to dial in order to reach a phone company office called CNA, the Customer Name and Address bureau. CNA is set up for the convenience of installers and other authorized phone company personnel. An installer could call CNA, and give them a phone number. The CNA clerk wouldrespond by providing the name of the person the phone belongs to andhis address.

Fooling the Phone Company In the real world, the phone number for CNA is a closely guarded secret.

Although the phone companies finally caught on and these days are less generous about handing out information so readily, at the time they operated on a variation of speakeasy security that security professionals call security through obscurity. They presumed that anybody who called CNA and knew the proper lingo ("Customer service. CNA on 555-1234, please for example) was a person authorized to have the information.

LINGO.

SECURITY THROUGH OBSCURITY An ineffective method of computer security that relies on keeping secret the details of how the system works (protocols, algorithms, and internal systems). Security through obscurity relies on the false a.s.sumption that no one outside a trusted group of people will be able to circ.u.mvent the system. An ineffective method of computer security that relies on keeping secret the details of how the system works (protocols, algorithms, and internal systems). Security through obscurity relies on the false a.s.sumption that no one outside a trusted group of people will be able to circ.u.mvent the system.

MITNICK MESSGAE.

Security through obscurity does not have any effect in blocking social engineering attacks. Every computer system in the world has at least one human that use it. So, if the attacker is able to manipulate people who use the systems, the obscurity of the system is irrelevant. obscurity of the system is irrelevant.

There was no need to verify or identify oneself, no need to give an employee number, no need for a pa.s.sword that was changed daily. If you knew the number to call and you sounded authentic, then you must be ent.i.tled to the information.

That was not a very solid a.s.sumption on the part of the telephone company. Their only effort at security was to change the phone number on l periodic basis, at least once a year. Even so, the current number at any particular moment was very widely known among phone phreaks, who delighted in taking advantage of this convenient source of information and in sharing the how-to-do-it with their fellow phreaks. The CN,' Bureau trick was one of the first things I learned when I was in to the hobby of phone phreaking as a teenager.

Throughout the world of business and government, speakeasy security. is still prevalent. It's likely that about your company's departments, people, and lingo.

Sometimes les to than that: Sometimes an internal phone number is all it takes.

THE CARELESS COMPUTER MANAGER.

Though many employees in organizations are negligent, unconcerned, or unaware of security dangers, you'd expect someone with the t.i.tle manager in the computer center of a Fortune 500 corporation to be thoroughly knowledgeable about best security practices, right?

You would not expect a computer center manager - someone who is part of his company's Information Technology department - to fall victim to a simplistic and obvious social engineering con game. Especially not the social engineer is hardly more than a kid, barely out of his teens. But sometimes your expectations can be wrong.

Tuning In Years ago it was an amusing pastime for many people to keep a radio tuned to the local police or fire department frequencies, listening in on the occasional highly charged conversations about a bank robbery in progress, an office building on fire, or a high-speed chase as the event unfolded. The radio frequencies used by law enforcement agencies and fire departments used to be available in books at the corner bookstore; today they're provided in listings on the Web, and from a book you can buy at Radio Shack frequencies for local, county, state, and, in some cases, even federal agencies.

Of course, it wasn't just the curious who were listening in. Crooks robbing a store in the middle of the night could tune in to hear if a police car was being dispatched to the location. Drug dealers could keep a check on activities of the local Drug Enforcement Agency agents. An arsonist could enhance his sick pleasure by lighting a blaze and then listening to all the radio traffic while firemen struggled to put it out.

Over recent years developments in computer technology have made it possible to encrypt voice messages. As engineers found ways to cram more and more computing power onto a single microchip, they began to build small, encrypted radios for law enforcement that kept the bad guys and the curious from listening in.

Danny the Eavesdropper A scanner enthusiast and skilled hacker we'll call Danny decided to see if he couldn't find a way to get his hands on the super-secret encryption software - the source code - from one of the top manufacturers of secure radio systems. He was hoping a study of the code would enable him to learn how to eavesdrop on law enforcement, and possibly also use the technology so that even the most powerful government agencies would find it difficult to monitor his conversations with his friends.

The Dannys of the shadowy world of hackers belong to a special category that falls somewhere in between the merely-curious but-entirely- benign and the dangerous. Dannys have the knowledge of the expert, combined with the mischievous hacker's desire to break into systems and networks for the intellectual challenge and for the pleasure of gaining insight into how technology works. But their electronic breaking-and- entering stunts are just that--stunts.

These folks, these benign hackers, illegally enter sites for the sheer fun and exhilaration of proving they can do it. They don't steal anything, they don't make any money from their exploits; they don't destroy any files, disrupt any network connections, or crash any computer system. The mere fact of their being there, snaring copies of files and searching emails for pa.s.swords behind the backs of curity and network administrators, tweaks the noses of the people responsible for keeping out intruders like them. The one-upmanship is a big part of the satisfaction.

In keeping with this profile, our Danny wanted to examine the details of his target company's most closely guarded product just to satisfy his own burning curiosity and to admire whatever clever innovations the manufacturer might have come up with.

The product designs were, needless to say, carefully guarded trade secrets, as precious and protected as just about anything in the company's possession. Danny knew that. And he didn't care a bit. After all, it was just some big, nameless company.

But how to get the software source code? As it turned out, grabbing the crown jewels of the company's Secure Communications Group proved to be all too easy, even though the company was one of those that used two- factor authentication, an arrangement under which people are required to use not one but two separate identifiers to prove their ident.i.ty.

Here's an example you're probably already familiar with. When your renewal credit card arrives, you're asked to phone the issuing company to let them know that the card is in possession of the intended customer, and not somebody who stole the envelope from the mail. The instructions with the card these days generally tell you to call from home. When you call, software at the credit card company a.n.a.lyzes the ANI, the automatic number identification, which is provided by the telephone switch on toll- free calls that the credit card company is paying for.

A computer at the credit card company uses the calling party's number provided by the ANI, and matches that number against the company's database of cardholders. By the time the clerk comes on the line, her or his display shows information from the database giving details about the customer. So the clerk already knows the call is coming from the home of a customer; that's one form of authentication.

LINGO.

TWO-FACTOR AUTHENTICATION The use of two different types of authentication to verify ident.i.ty. For example, a person might have to identify himself by calling from a certain identifiable location and knowing a pa.s.sword. The use of two different types of authentication to verify ident.i.ty. For example, a person might have to identify himself by calling from a certain identifiable location and knowing a pa.s.sword.

The clerk then picks an item from the information displayed about you - most often social security number, date of birth, or mother's maiden name - and asks you for this piece of information. If you give the right answer, that's a second form of authentication - based on information you should know. answer, that's a second form of authentication - based on information you should know.

At the company manufacturing the secure radio systems in our story, every employee with computer access had their usual account name and pa.s.sword, but in addition was provided with a small electronic device called Secure ID. This is what's called a time-based token. These devices come in two types: One is about half the size of a credit card but a little thicker; another is small enough that people simply attach it to their key chains.

Derived from the world of cryptography, this particular gadget has a small window that displays a series of six digits. Every sixty seconds, the display changes to show a different six-digit number. When an authorized person needs to access the network from offsite, she must first identify herself as an authorized user by typing in her secret PIN and the digits displayed on her token device.

Once verified by the internal system, she then authenticates with her account name and pa.s.sword.

For the young hacker Danny to get at the source code he so coveted, he would have to not only compromise some employee's account name and pa.s.sword (not much of a challenge for the experienced social engineer) but also get around the time-based token.

Defeating the two-factor authentication of a time-based token combined with a user's secret PIN code sounds like a challenge right out of Mission Impossible.

But for social engineers, the challenge is similar to that aced by a poker player who has more than the usual skill at reading his opponents. With a little luck, when he sits down at a table he knows he's likely to walk away with a large pile of other people's money.

Storming the Fortress Danny began by doing his homework. Before long he had managed to put together enough pieces to masquerade as a real employee. He had an employee's name, department, phone number, and employee number, as well as the manager's name and phone number.

Now was the calm before the storm. Literally. Going by the plan he had worked out, Danny needed one more thing before he could take the next step, and it was something he had no control over: He needed a snow-storm. Danny needed a little help from Mother Nature in the form of weather so bad that it would keep workers from getting into the office. In the winter in South Dakota, where the manufacturing plant in question was located, anyone hoping for bad weather did not have very long to wait. On Friday night, a storm arrived. What had begun as snow quickly turned to freezing rain so that, by morning, the roads were coated with a slick, dangerous sheet of ice. For Danny, this was a perfect opportunity.

He telephoned the plant, asked for-the computer room and reached one of the worker bees of IT, a computer operator who announced himself as Roger Kowalski.

Giving the name of the real employee he had obtained, Danny said, "This is Bob Billings. I work in the Secure Communications Group. I'm at home right now and I can't drive in because of the storm. And the problem is that I need to access my workstation and the server from home, and I left my Secure ID in my desk. Can you go fetch it for me? Or can somebody? And then read off my code when I need to get in? Because my team has a critical deadline and there's no way I can get my work done. And there's no way I can get to the office--the roads are much too dangerous up my way.

The computer operator said, "I can't leave the Computer Center." Danny jumped right in: "Do you have a Secure ID yourself?."

"There's one here in the Computer Center," he said. "We keep one for the operators in case of an emergency."

"Listen," Danny said. "Can you do me a big favor? When I need to dial into the network, can you let me borrow your Secure ID? Just until it's safe to drive in."

"Who are you again?" Kowalski asked.

"Who do you work for.

"For Ed Trenton."

"Oh, yeah, I know him."

When he's liable to be faced with tough sledding, a good social engineer does more than the usual amount of research. "I'm on the second floor," Danny went on. "Next to Roy Tucker."

He knew that name, as well. Danny went back to work on him. "It'd be much easier just to go to my desk and fetch my Secure ID for me."

Danny was pretty certain the guy would not buy into this. First of all, he would not want to leave in the middle of his shift to go traipsing down corridors and up staircases to some distant part of the building. He would also not want to have to paw through someone else's desk, violating somebody's personal s.p.a.ce. No, it was a safe bet he wouldn't want to do that.

Kowalski didn't want to say no to a guy who needed some help, but he didn't want to say yes and get in trouble, either. So he sidestepped the decision: I'll have to ask my boss. Hang on." He put the phone down, and Danny could hear him pick up another phone, put in the call, and explain the request. Kowalski then did something unexplainable: He actually vouched for the man using the name Bob Billings. "I know him," he told his manager. "He works for Ed Trenton. Can we let him use the Secure ID in the Computer Center' Danny, holding on to the phone, was amazed to overhear this extraordinary and unexpected support for his cause. He couldn't believe his ears or his luck.

After another couple of moments, Kowalski came back on the line and said, "My manager wants to talk to you himself," and gave him the man's name and cell phone number.

Danny called the manager and went through the whole story one more time, adding details about the project he was working or and why his product team needed to meet a critical deadline. "It'd be easier if someone just goes and fetches my card," he said. "I don't think the desk is locked, it should be there in my upper left drawer."

"Well," said the manager, "just for the weekend, I think we can let you use the one in the Computer Center. I'll tell the guys on duty that when you call, they should read off the random-access code for you," and he gave him the PIN number to use with it.

For the whole weekend, every time Danny wanted to get into the corporate computer system, he only had to call the Computer Center and ask them to read off the six digits displayed on the Secure ID token.

An Inside Job Once he was inside the company's computer system, then what? How would Danny find his way to the server with the software he wanted? He had already prepared for this.

Many computer users are familiar with newsgroups, that extensive set of electronic bulletin boards where people can post questions that other people answer, or find virtual companions who share an interest in music, computers, or any of hundreds of other topics.

What few people realize when they post any message on a newsgroup site is that their message remains on line and available for years. Google, for example, now maintains an archive of seven hundred million messages, some dating back twenty years! Danny started by going to the Web address http://groups.google.com.

As search terms, Danny entered "encryption radio communications" and the name of the company, and found a years-old message on the subject from an employee. It was a posting that had been made back when the company was first developing the product, probably long before police departments and federal agencies had considered scrambling radio signals.

The message contained the sender's signature, giving not just the man's name, Scott Press, but his phone number and even the name of his workgroup, the Secure Communications Group.

Danny picked up the phone and dialed the number. It seemed like a long shot-- would he still be working in the same organization years later? Would he be at work on such a stormy weekend? The phone rang once, twice, three times, and then a voice came on the line. "This is Scott," he said.

Claiming to be from the company's IT Department, Danny manipulated Press (in one of the ways now familiar to you from earlier chapters) into revealing the names of the servers he used for development work. These were the servers that could be expected to hold the source code containing the proprietary encryption algorithm and firmware used in the company's secure radio products.

Danny was moving closer and closer, and his excitement was building. He was antic.i.p.ating the rush, the great high he always felt when he succeeded at something he knew only a very limited number of people could accomplish.

Still, he wasn't home free yet. For the rest of the weekend he'd be able to get into the company's network whenever he wanted to, thanks to that cooperative computer center manager. And he knew which servers he wanted to access. But when he dialed in, the terminal server he logged on to would not permit him to connect to the Secure Communications Group development systems. There must have been an internal firewall or router protecting the computer systems of that group. He'd have to find some other way in.

The next step took nerve: Danny called back to Kowalski in Computer Operations and complained "My server won't let me connect," and told the IT guy, "I need you to set me up with an account on one of the computers in your department so I can use Telnet to connect to my system."

The manager had already approved disclosing the access code displayed on the time-based token, so this new request didn't seem unreasonable. Kowalski set up a temporary account and pa.s.sword on one of the Operation Center's computers, and told Danny to "call me back when you don't need it any more and I'll remove it."

Once logged into the temporary account, Danny was able to connect over the network to the Secure Communications Group's computer systems. After an hour of on-line searching for a technical vulnerability that would give him access to a main development server, he hit the jackpot. Apparently the system or network administrator wasn't vigilant in keeping up with the latest news on security bugs in the operating system that allowed remote access. But Danny was.

Within a short time he had located the source code files that he was after and was transferring them remotely to an e-commerce site that offered free storage s.p.a.ce.

On this site, even if the files were ever discovered, they would never be traced back to him.

He had one final step before signing off: the methodical process of erasing his tracks. He finished before the Jay Leno show had gone off the air for the night.

Danny figured this had been one very good weekend's work. And he had never had to put himself personally at risk. It was an intoxicating thrill, even better than s...o...b..arding or skydiving.

Danny got drunk that night, not on scotch, gin, beer, or sake, but on his sense of power and accomplishment as he poured through the files he had stolen, closing in on the elusive, extremely secret radio software.

a.n.a.lyzing the Con As in the previous story, this ruse only worked because one company employee was all too willing to accept at face value that a caller was really the employee he claimed to be. That eagerness to help out a co worker with a problem is, on the one hand, part of what greases the wheels of industry, and part of what makes the employees of some companies more pleasant to work with than employees of others. But on the other hand, this helpfulness can be a major vulnerability that a social engineer will attempt to exploit.

One bit of manipulation Danny used was delicious: When he made the request that someone get his Secure ID from his desk, he kept saying he wanted somebody to "fetch" it for him. Fetch is a command you give your dog. n.o.body wants to be told to fetch something. With that one word, Danny made it all the more certain the request would be refused and some other solution accepted instead, which was exactly what he wanted.

The Computer Center operator, "Kowalski, was taken in by Danny dropping the names of people Kowalski happened to know. But why would Kowalski's manager - an IT manager, no less - allow some stranger access to the company's internal network? Simply because the call for help can be a powerful, persuasive tool in the social engineer's a.r.s.enal.

MITNICK MESSAGE.

This story goes to show that time-based tokens and similar forms of authentication are not a defense against the wily social engineer. The only defense is a conscientious employee who follows security policies and understands how others can maliciously influence his behavior.

Could something like that ever happen in your company? Has it already?

PREVENTING THE CON.

It seems to be an often-repeated element in these stories that an attacker arranges to dial in to a computer network from outside the company, without the person who helps him taking sufficient measures to verify that the caller is really an employee and ent.i.tled to the access. Why do I return to this theme so often?

Because it truly is a factor in so many social engineering attacks. For the social engineer, it's the easiest way to reach his goal. Why should an attacker spend hours trying to break in, when he can do it instead with a simple phone call?

One of the most powerful methods for the social engineer to carry out this kind of attack is the simple ploy of pretending to need help - an approach frequently used by attackers. You don't want to stop your employees from being helpful to co workers or customers, so you need to arm them with specific verification procedures to use with anybody making a request for computer access or confidential information. That way they can be helpful to those who deserve to be helped, but at the same time protect the organization's information a.s.sets and computer systems.

Company security procedures need to spell out in detail what kind of verification mechanisms should be used in various circ.u.mstances. Chapter 17 provides a detailed list of procedures, but here are some guidelines to consider: One good way to verify the ident.i.ty of a person making a request is to call the phone number listed in the company directory for that person. If the person making the request is actually an attacker, the verification call will either let you speak to the real person on the phone while the imposter is on hold, or you will reach the employee's voice mail so that you can listen to the sound of his voice, and compare it to thespeech of the attacker.

If employee numbers are used in your company for verifying ident.i.ty, then those numbers have to be treated as sensitive information, carefully guarded and not given out to strangers. The same goes for all other kinds of internal identifiers, such as internal telephone numbers, departmental billing identifiers, and even email addresses.

Corporate training should call everyone's attention to the common practice of accepting unknown people as legitimate employees on the grounds that they sound authoritative or knowledgeable. Just because somebody knows a company practice or uses internal terminology is no reason to a.s.sume that his ident.i.ty doesn't need to be verified in other ways.