Wobaston, an estate in Bushbury, was anciently "Wibald's town."

Wombourne was the "bourne (or brook) in the hollow."

Wolverhampton was at first Heantune, or Hamtun, otherwise the "High town," to which name was prefixed soon after the year 994 that of Wulfrun, a lady of rank who gave great possessions to the Church; and hence was evolved the more distinctive name, Wulfrunhamtun, since modified into its present form.

Although some of these names (as Showells, formerly Sewall) may not date quite back to the Saxon period, most of them may be accepted as present-day evidences of the great Teutonic descent upon this Midland locality. One of the very few Celtic place-names retained from the previous occupiers is Monmore, which in the tongue of the ancient Britons signified "the boggy mere."

[Picture: Decorative flower]

IV.-The Founding of Wulfruna's Church, 996, A.D.

After the advent of Christianity, the new religion was gradually advanced throughout the land by the settlement of priest-missioners in the various localities. Where the missionary settled on the invitation, or under the protection of a thane, or "lord," that lordship was formed into a parish.

Thus some parishes doubtless became co-terminous with the old manors.

Owing, however, to the many changes of jurisdiction in the course of succeeding centuries, it is difficult to find instances of parish and manor of identical area in this locality. Bescot was a manor within the parish of Walsall; Bloxwich and Shelfield were anciently members of the manor of Wednesbury, though now included in Walsall; Bentley, at the Norman Conquest, was part of the manor of Willenhall, then belonging to Wolverhampton Church; while Dunstall was a member of the King's manor of Stow Heath. Tettenhall parish originally included as many as a dozen manors and townships.

England is made up of some ten thousand parishes, each with its parish church, around which for a thousand years has revolved the social and political, as well as the whole religious life of the place. The parish is our unit of local government, and the history of a town is usually a history of the parish.

But Willenhall never was a parish. It is merely a member of a parish-of the extensive, the straggling, and loosely-knit parish of Wolverhampton.

In Wolverhampton, three miles away, was located the mother church, to which it owed spiritual allegiance, and there was situated the Vestry for parochial a.s.semblies, and all else that stood for self-government throughout the centuries. And those were the centuries when Church and State were indissolubly bound together; when a dominant church claimed, and was recognised as having an inalienable share in the government of the people. Hence it will transpire in these pages that for centuries the story of Willenhall was involved in the ecclesiastical history of Wolverhampton.

The ancient parish of Wolverhampton lies widely dispersed and very detached, containing no less than 17 townships and hamlets, all subject to the collegiate church in matters ecclesiastical, though in many cases being distinct in matters secular. How broken the area is may be noted in the case of Pelsall, which is cut off from the mother parish by Bloxwich, a hamlet in Walsall parish.

Willenhall is one among several other neighbouring places that, from the earliest period of England's acceptance of Christianity, had its fate inseparably linked with that of Wolverhampton. In the giving way of paganism before the steady advances of the new religion, progress in this immediate part of the kingdom was marked by the founding of Tettenhall Church (A.D. 966), followed thirty years afterwards by Lady Wulfruna's further efforts at evangelisation in the setting up at Hampton (or High Town) of another Christian church.

This was in the reign of Ethelred the Unrede, which was a period sadly troubled by the aggressions of the Danes; and it is believed that Wulfruna (or Wulfrun) had designed to found a monastery, though as early as the time of Edward the Confessor, or within a century of its inst.i.tution, her establishment is found to be a Collegiate Church.

With this accession of dignity, and in grateful recognition of the lady's pious munificence, the town became known as Wulfrun's Hampton, now modified in Wolverhampton.

Of Wulfruna herself but little is known. Whether she was sister of King Edgar, as some suppose, or the widow of Aldhelm, Duke of Northumberland, cannot be decided. It is known, however, that she was a lady of rank, and was captured when Olaf, in command of a Viking host, took Tamworth by storm. Hampton did not bear her name until some years after her death.

In founding her n.o.ble church at Wolverhampton, Wulfruna endowed it with thirteen estates, including lands in Willenhall, Wednesfield, Pelsall, Essington, Hilton, Walsall, Featherstone, Hatherton, Kinvaston, Bilston, and Arley. Willenhall being only three miles away from Wolverhampton, and being also for a long time ecclesiastically incorporated with it, its history at many points cannot be detached from that of the mother parish.

The wording of the charter by which the gift was made is quaintly interesting. It sets forth that: "In the year 996, from the Pa.s.sion of our said Lord and Saviour, Jesus Christ," Sigeric, Archbishop of Canterbury, "with the Lord's flock of servants unceasingly serving G.o.d,"

have granted a privilege "to the n.o.ble matron and religious woman Wulfruna," in "order that she may attain a seat in heaven," and that "for her ma.s.s may be said unceasingly for ever" in the "ancient monastery of Hamtun."

The Charter (inter alia) grants "ten hides of land for the body of my husband," and another "ten hides of land" for the offences of her "Kinsman Wulfgeal" lest he should hear in the judgment the "dreaded"

sentence, "Go away from me," &c. A third "ten hides" of land are granted on account of "my sole daughter Elfthryth," who "has migrated from the world to the life-giving airs."

Mr. Duignan, who has made a close study of the Charter, says "the limits of the parishes and of the townships included in the grant are now precisely what they were a thousand years ago."

The boundaries of the lands conferred by the n.o.ble benefactress are set forth with much precision, as in the noting of brooks and fords, of parks and woods, of fields and lanes and lands; and in very few cases has Mr.

Duignan failed to recognise the old names and identify them with the modern appellations of the places meant, among the latter being Willenhall, Wednesfield, Pelsall, Hilton, Ogley Hay, Hatherton, Cannock, Moseley Hole, Twyford, Walsall, &c.

The original Charter has not been heard of since 1646, when it was supposed to be copied by Sir William Dugdale into his monumental work, the "Monasticon," a.s.sisted by Roger Dodsworth, a joint editor with him.

If it is still in existence Mr. Duignan a.s.sumes it is in the possession of the Dean and Chapter of the Royal Chapel of Windsor, with which the Deanery of Wolverhampton was united-as will be seen later. The formal parts of the deed are in Latin, and the descriptions of the properties are in Anglo-Saxon, which makes it an interesting study of place-names.

Wolverhampton church, dedicated to St. Mary, was a collegiate establishment, with a dean as president, and a number of prebendaries or canons who were "secular" priests, and not brethren of any of the regular "orders of monks."

All the privileges which the College possessed in Lady Wulfruna's lifetime were afterwards confirmed by Edward the Confessor, and subsequently by William the Conqueror.

The dedication of Wulfruna's church and its consecration by Sigeric, the archbishop, have been described in verse by a local poetess. This was Mrs. Frank P. Fellows, a daughter of the famous Sir Rowland Hill, and once resident at Goldthorn Hill. Her husband was a native of Wolverhampton, a distinguished public servant, connected with the Admiralty, a Knight of St. John of Jerusalem, an antiquarian and a scientist. In a book of his published poems appear portraits of himself and his wife.

Mrs. Fellows (whose mother, Lady Hill, was a daughter of Joseph Pearson, Esq., J.P., of Graiseley), also wrote poems-some of which appeared in "Punch," some in "Belgravia," and some in other magazines-and published a small book of verse in 1857.

It is from one long piece, ent.i.tled "Fancies by the Fire," in which the long retrospect of Wolverhampton's ancient history unrolls itself before the imagination of the poetess, that the following extracts are taken.

After a description of the battle of Wednesfield, we read:-

The Princess Wulfruna heard the deeds, Told by the fire in her stately hall.

Alas! then said the gentle dame, It grieves me sore such things should be.

Now, by the Christ that died on tree, The Christ that died for them and me, These heathen souls shall all be free From sin, and pain of Purgat'ry; In token of our victory, Where ma.s.ses shall be sung and said, And prayers told for the restless dead That wander still on Woden's Plain- It shall be raised in Mary's name.

The n.o.ble lady with her train, and accompanied by the Archbishop Sigeric, pays a visit of inspection to the locality she designs thus to honour, pa.s.sing beneath the shade of "the forest trees of Theotanhall" on her way-

And as they pa.s.sed thro' Dunstall Wood, And stopped to drink where a streamlet fell, Then said the lady fair and good Here will I build a wayside well.

Now Hampton town before them lay.

But first they sought out Woden's plain, Where lay the bleached bones of the slain.

After the Archbishop had offered up a prayer for the dead-

At length they stood upon the height That rises over Hampton town; There, amid knight, and dame, and priest, The Princess Wulfrune laid the stone, The first stone on the holy fane.

Then solemnly the pious lady removed from her royal brows the golden coronet that hitherto had graced it, and put in place of it a crown of thorns, saying-

It were ill done that I have worn A golden crown, while Jesus sweet For my sake wore a crown of thorn; And here I dedicate my days To Him until my life be sped.

Thus far the foundation of the mother church-much more of the town's history follows in like strain.

Willenhall was slightly connected with another religious foundation. In the year 1002 Burton Abbey was founded by Wulfric Spott, Earl of Mercia.

This establishment was richly endowed with lands, not only in Staffordshire, but also with estates in Derbyshire and Warwickshire.

The names of the various places included in this munificent grant afford a very interesting study in Saxon nomenclature. For instance, in the Second Indors.e.m.e.nt of the Charter conferring the n.o.ble gift, we may be interested to discover that "2 hides of land in Wilinhale," lying in "Offalawe Hundred" are among the properties donated to this great Staffordshire Monastery.

V.-The Collegiate Establishment

We cannot be too insistent on the close connection long subsisting between Willenhall and Wolverhampton owing to the fact of the former being a part of Wulfruna's endowment of her collegiate church.

Wulfruna's foundation consisted of a dean, eight prebendaries or canons, and a sacrist. The dean was the president of this chapter, or congregation of clergy, whose duly was to chant the daily service. The sacrist was also a cleric, but his duties were more generally concerned with the college establishment.