General Scott hesitated...public would diminish: James A. Rawley, Turning Points of the Civil War (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966), pp. 5253.

McDowell's plan: John G. Nicolay, The Outbreak of Rebellion. Campaigns of the Civil War, new introduction by Mark E. Neeley, Jr. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1881; New York: Da Capo Press, 1995), p. 173.

"a terrible...ferocious warriors": Entry for August 1861, in Adam Gurowski, Diary from March 4, 1861 to November 12, 1862. Burt Franklin: Research & Source Works #229 (Boston, 1862; New York: Burt Franklin, 1968), pp. 7879.

"Foreigners...drive them off": EB to James O. Broadhead, July 13, 1861, James Overton Broadhead Papers, Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, Mo. [hereafter Broadhead Papers, MoSHi].

troop strengths: Rawley, Turning Points of the Civil War, p. 54.

On June 29...approved McDowell's plan: Nicolay, Outbreak of Rebellion, p. 173.

The Battle of Bull Run: Many battles of the Civil War came to be known by different names within the Union and the Confederacy. The first battle at Mana.s.sas Junction, for example, would be known as the Battle of Bull Run in the North and the Battle of Mana.s.sas in the South. As James M. McPherson explains, "In each case but one (Shiloh) the Confederates named the battle after the town that served as their base, while the Union forces chose the landmark nearest to the fighting or to their own lines, usually a river or stream." In the case of Shiloh, the Confederates named the battle for a nearby church, McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 346 n7.

"roar of the artillery...grew intense": Grimsley, "Six Months in the White House," JISHS, p. 65.

"stop the roar in [her] ears": EBL to SPL, July 21, 1861, in Wartime Washington, ed. Laas, p. 65.

"an unusually heavy...this time to-morrow": Entry for July 21, 1861, in Russell, My Diary North and South, p. 449.

In the crowded s.p.a.ce...responsibilities: David Homer Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office: Recollections of the United States Military Telegraph Corps during the Civil War, introduction by James A. Rawley (New York: Century Co., 1907; Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1995), p. 87.

and read aloud..."with joy": NYT, July 22, 1861 (quote); NYT, July 26, 1861.

"There is Jackson...like a stone wall": Poore, Perley's Reminiscences, Vol. II, p. 85.

At 3 p.m....fifteen-minute intervals: Entry for July 21, 1861, in Lincoln Day by Day, Vol. III, p. 55.

The telegraph line...Telegraph Corps: Bates, Lincoln in the Telegraph Office, p. 88.

"a small three-storied"...description of headquarters: Entry for July 19, 1861, in Russell, My Diary North and South, p. 431.

"his confidence...President left": JGN to TB, July 21, 1861, container 2, Nicolay Papers.

"the Union Army...victory": Seward, Seward at Washington...18461861, p. 598.

Bates confided his anxiety: Cain, Lincoln's Attorney General, p. 153; entry for July 21, 1861, in Lincoln Day by Day, Vol. III, p. 55.

"the first time he ever left home": Entry for July 5, 1861, in The Diary of Edward Bates, 18591866, p. 188.

a new intimacy with his president: Cain, Lincoln's Attorney General, p. 153.

"A sudden swoop...behind them": Edmund C. Stedman, The Battle of Bull Run (New York: Rudd & Carleton, 1861), p. 32.

"never stopped...New-York": Janet Chase Hoyt, "A Woman's Memories," NYTrib, June 7, 1891.

"Army wagons...sights and sounds": Stedman, The Battle of Bull Run, p. 35.

"General McDowell's...of the Army": Seward, Seward at Washington...18461861, p. 598.

"a terribly frightened...to Gen. Scott's": JGN to TB, July 21, 1861, container 2, Nicolay Papers.

"He listened in silence...army headquarters": Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, Vol. IV, pp. 35354.

"Oh what a sad...sabbath been": EBL to SPL, July 21, 1861, in Wartime Washington, ed. Laas, p. 65.

death of James Cameron: "Cameron, James (?1861)," in Stewart Sifakis, Who Was Who in the Union (New York: Facts on File, 1988), p. 63; Nicolay, Outbreak of Rebellion, p. 214.

"I loved my brother...of his duty": Simon Cameron to SPC, July 21, 1861, reel 16, Chase Papers.

"Every thing...to the field": WHS to family, July 1861, quoted in Seward, Seward at Washington...18461861, pp. 59899.

the returning soldiers..."at this juncture": Grimsley, "Six Months in the White House," JISHS, pp. 6667 (quotes p. 67).

Lincoln did not sleep...future military policy: Nicolay and Hay, Abraham Lincoln, Vol. IV, p. 368.

"be constantly drilled"...the blockade operative: AL, "Memoranda of Military Policy Suggested by the Bull Run Defeat," July 23, 1861, in CW, IV, p. 457.

a telegram was also sent: Lorenzo Thomas to George B. McClellan, July 22, 1861, OR, Ser. 1, Vol. II, p. 753; entry for July 22, 1861, in Lincoln Day by Day, Vol. III, p. 56.

devised a strategy...East Tennessee: AL, "Memoranda of Military Policy Suggested by the Bull Run Defeat," July 27, 1861, in CW, IV, pp. 45758.

"If there were...Union out of it": Walt Whitman, Specimen Days (Philadelphia: Rees Welch Co., 1882; Philadelphia: David McKay, 1892; Boston: D. R. G.o.dine, 1971), p. 13.

"a weak...inefficient Cabinet": NYH, July 27, 1861.

"Two weeks ago...a great victory": SPC to William P. Mellen, July 23, 1861, reel 16, Chase Papers.

"public censure...on Lincoln": Rawley, Turning Points of the Civil War, p. 56.

"The sun rises, but shines not": Whitman, Specimen Days (1971 edn.), p. 12.

"Some had neither...blankets": Entry for July 22, 1861, in Russell, My Diary North and South, p. 467.

"awakened in the...stand the hurting": Janet Chase Hoyt, "A Woman's Memories," NYTrib, June 7, 1891.

"The dreadful disaster...could be offered": EMS to James Buchanan, July 26, 1861, reprinted in "A Page of Political Correspondence. Unpublished Letters of Mr. Stanton to Mr. Buchanan," North American Review 129 (November 1879), pp. 48283.

"an overweening confidence": Jefferson Davis, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, Vol. I (1881; Richmond, Va.: Garrett & Ma.s.sie, 1938; New York: Da Capo Press, 1990), p. 330.

General Johnston observed...faraway hospitals: Joseph E. Johnson, quoted in Nicolay, Outbreak of Rebellion, p. 211.

"Well we fought...our men": Nancy Bates to Hester Bates, July 25, 1861, Bates Papers, MoSHi.

"very melancholy": Entry of July 28, 1861, in Browning, The Diary of Orville Hickman Browning, Vol. I, p. 489.

"black despair...to [his] country": Horace Greeley to AL, July 29, 1861, Lincoln Papers.

He told humorous stories: Browne, The Every-Day Life of Abraham Lincoln, pp. 44849.