48 Ibid., 121-122. Ibid., 121-122.

49 U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, U.S. Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Alleged a.s.sa.s.sination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders Alleged a.s.sa.s.sination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders , , An Interim Report An Interim Report, November 20, 1975, 80.

50 U.S. Senate, U.S. Senate, Alleged a.s.sa.s.sination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, Alleged a.s.sa.s.sination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, 71. 71.

51 Ibid., 72. Ibid., 72.

52 Ibid., 72. Ibid., 72.

53 Ibid., 72. Ibid., 72.

54 David Atlee Phillips, David Atlee Phillips, The Night Watch The Night Watch (New York: Atheneum, 1977), 91. (New York: Atheneum, 1977), 91.

55 Warren Hinkle and William Turner, Warren Hinkle and William Turner, The Fish Is Red: The Story of the Secret War Against Castro The Fish Is Red: The Story of the Secret War Against Castro (New York: Harper & Row, 1981), 30-31, and U.S. Senate, (New York: Harper & Row, 1981), 30-31, and U.S. Senate, Alleged a.s.sa.s.sination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders Alleged a.s.sa.s.sination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, 73.

56 David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, The Espionage Establishment The Espionage Establishment (New York: Random House, 1970), 130. (New York: Random House, 1970), 130.

57 U.S. Senate, U.S. Senate, Alleged a.s.sa.s.sination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders Alleged a.s.sa.s.sination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, Senate Report Number 94-465, November 20, 1975, 85.

58 Ibid., 85-86. Ibid., 85-86.

59 Ibid., 88-89. Ibid., 88-89.

60 "Silenced" pistols and rifles are never completely "silent." The purpose of the "suppressor" is to reduce the sound when the weapon is fired and make it harder to pinpoint the direction of the shot. Pistols are relatively much easier to suppress than rifles. "Silenced" pistols and rifles are never completely "silent." The purpose of the "suppressor" is to reduce the sound when the weapon is fired and make it harder to pinpoint the direction of the shot. Pistols are relatively much easier to suppress than rifles.

61 U.S. Senate, U.S. Senate, Alleged a.s.sa.s.sination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders Alleged a.s.sa.s.sination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, 90.

62 John Ranelagh, John Ranelagh, The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA (New York. Touch-stone. 1987), 210-211, 336-345. (New York. Touch-stone. 1987), 210-211, 336-345.

63 Lumumba was eventually ousted from his post in the Congolese government and taken into protective custody by United Nations guards; he escaped and was then captured and executed by his Congolese enemies. See: Martin, Lumumba was eventually ousted from his post in the Congolese government and taken into protective custody by United Nations guards; he escaped and was then captured and executed by his Congolese enemies. See: Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors, Wilderness of Mirrors, 124. 124.

64 Ranelagh, Ranelagh, The Agency, The Agency, 358. 358.

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN.

1 Stanley Karnow, Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History Vietnam: A History (New York: Penguin, 1997), 214. (New York: Penguin, 1997), 214.

2 Ibid., 211 Ibid., 211 3 Civil Air Transport (CAT) was the successor to Claire Chennault's Flying Tigers, and the predecessor to "Air America." In June 2001 the CIA issued a Unit Citation Award in recognition of all who served with Civil Air Transport and its secret successor, Air America, which ended operations in 1976. See: Civil Air Transport (CAT) was the successor to Claire Chennault's Flying Tigers, and the predecessor to "Air America." In June 2001 the CIA issued a Unit Citation Award in recognition of all who served with Civil Air Transport and its secret successor, Air America, which ended operations in 1976. See: www.air-america.org/newspaper_articles/france_honors_cat.shtml 4 Ranelagh, Ranelagh, The Agency, The Agency, 419. 419.

5 Karnow, Karnow, Vietnam, Vietnam, 212. 212.

6 Helms, Helms, A Look Over My Shoulder, A Look Over My Shoulder, 310. 310.

7 Ibid., 230. Ibid., 230.

8 Ranelagh, Ranelagh, The Agency, The Agency, 419. Ranelagh notes that covert CIA involvement in Vietnam began in 1954 when DCI Allen Dulles sent Colonel Edward Lansdale to Saigon with these objectives. 419. Ranelagh notes that covert CIA involvement in Vietnam began in 1954 when DCI Allen Dulles sent Colonel Edward Lansdale to Saigon with these objectives.

9 "Covert action" is an operation designed to influence governments, events, organizations, or persons in support of foreign policy in a manner that is not necessarily attributable to the sponsoring power; it may include political, economic, propaganda, or paramilitary activities. "Covert action" is an operation designed to influence governments, events, organizations, or persons in support of foreign policy in a manner that is not necessarily attributable to the sponsoring power; it may include political, economic, propaganda, or paramilitary activities.

10 John L. Plaster, John L. Plaster, SOG: A Photo History of the Secret Wars SOG: A Photo History of the Secret Wars (Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press, 2000), 17-18. (Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press, 2000), 17-18.

11 John L. Singlaub, John L. Singlaub, Hazardous Duty Hazardous Duty (New York: Summit, 1991), 293. (New York: Summit, 1991), 293.

12 The junk's unexpected speed amazed the crew. Years later, the same OTS engineer raised eyebrows around Mobile, Alabama, when testing a new a high-speed, high-lift vessel in the harbor. People stopped their cars to watch the test craft outpace traffic on the adjacent highway. The junk's unexpected speed amazed the crew. Years later, the same OTS engineer raised eyebrows around Mobile, Alabama, when testing a new a high-speed, high-lift vessel in the harbor. People stopped their cars to watch the test craft outpace traffic on the adjacent highway.

13 For details and images of the Metascope see: Melton, For details and images of the Metascope see: Melton, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment, 36-37. 36-37.

14 For pictures and a description of an "Anti-disturbance device" see: Melton, For pictures and a description of an "Anti-disturbance device" see: Melton, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment, 88. 88.

15 Plaster, Plaster, A Photo History of the Secret Wars, A Photo History of the Secret Wars, 217. 217.

16 John L. Plaster, John L. Plaster, SOG: The Secret Wars of America's Commandos in Vietnam SOG: The Secret Wars of America's Commandos in Vietnam (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1977), 22-23. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1977), 22-23.

17 For images and details of the RS-6 see: Melton, For images and details of the RS-6 see: Melton, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment CIA Special Weapons and Equipment , 47. , 47.

18 For images and details on For images and details on Dust Powder Dust Powder (B-3) see: Melton, (B-3) see: Melton, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment CIA Special Weapons and Equipment, 99.

19 For images and details on For images and details on Puppy Chow Puppy Chow see: Melton, see: Melton, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment CIA Special Weapons and Equipment, 115.

20 For images and details on the For images and details on the Doc.u.ment Copying Attache Case Doc.u.ment Copying Attache Case see: Melton, see: Melton, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment CIA Special Weapons and Equipment, 43.

21 These were an early version of lightweight, condensed, dehydrated, vacuum-packed foods used by backpackers and mountain climbers. These were an early version of lightweight, condensed, dehydrated, vacuum-packed foods used by backpackers and mountain climbers.

22 Plaster, Plaster, SOG: A Photo History of the Secret Wars, SOG: A Photo History of the Secret Wars, 17-18, and Melton, 17-18, and Melton, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, 36.

23 Francis Gary Powers was piloting a CIA U-2 aircraft when downed over the USSR on May 1, 1960. His survival weapon was an OSS .22 caliber silenced Hi-Standard pistol. Francis Gary Powers was piloting a CIA U-2 aircraft when downed over the USSR on May 1, 1960. His survival weapon was an OSS .22 caliber silenced Hi-Standard pistol.

24 See: Melton, See: Melton, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, 34-35. 34-35.

25 For images and a reproduction of its issue instruction sheet, see: Melton, For images and a reproduction of its issue instruction sheet, see: Melton, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment, 12-13. 12-13.

26 For images and details on the For images and details on the Stinger Stinger see: Melton, see: Melton, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment CIA Special Weapons and Equipment, 14-15.

27 For photos, history, and firing details of the MBA For photos, history, and firing details of the MBA Gyrojet Gyrojet pistol see: pistol see: www.smallarmsreview.com/pdf/Gyrojettest.PDF. An MBA Gyrojet Gyrojet Rocket Carbine was shown in the 1967 James Bond film Rocket Carbine was shown in the 1967 James Bond film You Only Live Twice You Only Live Twice.

28 Plaster, Plaster, SOG: A Photo History of the Secret Wars, SOG: A Photo History of the Secret Wars, 161. 161.

29 Plaster, Plaster, SOG: The Secret Wars of America's Commandos in Vietnam, SOG: The Secret Wars of America's Commandos in Vietnam, 77. See also 77. See also www.sfalx.com/moh/sisler_george_SF.html.

30 Concise Dictionary of World History Concise Dictionary of World History (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 1983), 593. (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. 1983), 593.

31 During the Vietnam War, the CIA proprietary airline Air America flew a variety of missions in the Far East. These missions ranged from covert CIA operations to overt air transportation contracted by the Republic of Vietnam and various U.S. government agencies. At one time it was the largest airline in the world based on the number of aircraft it operated. During the Vietnam War, the CIA proprietary airline Air America flew a variety of missions in the Far East. These missions ranged from covert CIA operations to overt air transportation contracted by the Republic of Vietnam and various U.S. government agencies. At one time it was the largest airline in the world based on the number of aircraft it operated.

32 See: See: www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050224/news_lz1n24france.html).

33 For an image and details of the For an image and details of the Rubber Airplane Rubber Airplane see: Melton, see: Melton, CIA Special Weapons and Equipment CIA Special Weapons and Equipment, 102.

34 William M. Leary, "Robert Fulton's Skyhook and Operation Coldfeet," William M. Leary, "Robert Fulton's Skyhook and Operation Coldfeet," Studies in Intelligence, Studies in Intelligence, 38:5 Central Intelligence Agency, 1994, 99-110. Also see: 38:5 Central Intelligence Agency, 1994, 99-110. Also see: www.cia.gov/csi/studies/95uncla.s.s/Leary.html.

35 Ibid. Ibid.

36 Interview, Jim Morris, Spring 2005. Interview, Jim Morris, Spring 2005.

37 James B. and Sybil B. Stockdale James B. and Sybil B. Stockdale. In Love and War (New York: Bantam, 1985). 135. (New York: Bantam, 1985). 135.

38 Ibid., 136. Ibid., 136.

39 Ibid., 128. In 1966 POWs in North Vietnam were allowed to send and receive a single letter each month. Ibid., 128. In 1966 POWs in North Vietnam were allowed to send and receive a single letter each month.

40 Ibid., 140. Ibid., 140.

41 Ibid., 144. Ibid., 144.

42 Ibid., 192. Ibid., 192.

43 Ibid., 194. The clear "decal-like thing" was a thin piece of photographic emulsion with reduced writing; it resembled the Kalvar process used a decade later. Ibid., 194. The clear "decal-like thing" was a thin piece of photographic emulsion with reduced writing; it resembled the Kalvar process used a decade later.

44 Ibid., 193-194. Ibid., 193-194.

45 Ibid., 196-197. Ibid., 196-197.

46 Ibid., 199-200. Ibid., 199-200.

47 Ibid., 207-209. Ibid., 207-209.

48 Ibid. Ibid.

49 Ibid., 209-211. Ibid., 209-211.

50 Concise Dictionary of World History Concise Dictionary of World History 553. 553.

51 Bob Woodward, Bob Woodward, Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987 Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981-1987 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), 192. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), 192.

52 Ibid., 189. Ibid., 189.

53 Duane R. Clarridge, Duane R. Clarridge, A Spy for All Seasons: My Life in the CIA A Spy for All Seasons: My Life in the CIA (New York: Scribner, 1997), 269-270. (New York: Scribner, 1997), 269-270.

54 Ibid., 263. Ibid., 263.

55 Ibid. The chain gun, whose fire could penetrate the armor of Soviet T-55 tanks, was developed by the Army for the Bradley fighting vehicle. Ibid. The chain gun, whose fire could penetrate the armor of Soviet T-55 tanks, was developed by the Army for the Bradley fighting vehicle.

56 The original The original Cigarette Cigarette was designed by Don Aronow and named after a cla.s.sic boat he once owned that was reputed to have been used by a "bootlegger" during Prohibition. Bootleggers used high-speed boats to smuggle shipments of whiskey from Canada into the northeastern United States. Even if the boats were spotted by the U.S. Coast Guard, the "rum runners" depended on the speed of their craft to outrun their pursuers. See: "How a Kid From Brooklyn Put Go-Fast Boats on the Map," was designed by Don Aronow and named after a cla.s.sic boat he once owned that was reputed to have been used by a "bootlegger" during Prohibition. Bootleggers used high-speed boats to smuggle shipments of whiskey from Canada into the northeastern United States. Even if the boats were spotted by the U.S. Coast Guard, the "rum runners" depended on the speed of their craft to outrun their pursuers. See: "How a Kid From Brooklyn Put Go-Fast Boats on the Map," Power & Motor Yacht, Power & Motor Yacht, July 2000. July 2000.

57 Clarridge, Clarridge, A Spy for All Seasons, A Spy for All Seasons, 271-272. 271-272.

58 Ibid., 274. Ibid., 274.

59 A copy of the text of the Goldwater letter can be found at A copy of the text of the Goldwater letter can be found at homepage.ntl-world.com/jksonc/docs/US-mining-nicaragua-harbors.html 60 Clarridge, Clarridge, A Spy for All Seasons, A Spy for All Seasons, 277. 277.

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN.

1 The country's name changed from the Central African Republic to the Central African Empire in 1976 and back again in 1979. The country's name changed from the Central African Republic to the Central African Empire in 1976 and back again in 1979.

2 Cambridge World Gazetteer: A Geographical Dictionary Cambridge World Gazetteer: A Geographical Dictionary (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 122. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 122.

3 The New York Times The New York Times, November 5, 1996.

4 The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), 151. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983), 151.

5 The New York Times The New York Times, June 13, 1987.

6 Interview with Dr. David A. Crown, 2005. Interview with Dr. David A. Crown, 2005.

7 The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia, 151.

8 Crown interview. Crown interview.

9 Dr. David Crown holds a doctorate degree in criminology from University of California-Berkeley and had compiled a distinguished career before joining the CIA. During the 1950s, he served as a U.S. Counterintelligence Corps Special Agent with field experience in Europe and then as a.s.sistant Director of the U.S. Postal Inspection Service Identification Laboratory in San Francisco. Dr. David Crown holds a doctorate degree in criminology from University of California-Berkeley and had compiled a distinguished career before joining the CIA. During the 1950s, he served as a U.S. Counterintelligence Corps Special Agent with field experience in Europe and then as a.s.sistant Director of the U.S. Postal Inspection Service Identification Laboratory in San Francisco.

10 The Liberia Official Gazette The Liberia Official Gazette, Vol. L, 2.

11 Crown interview. Crown interview.

12 Ibid. Ibid.

13 Ibid. Ibid.

14 The New York Times The New York Times, December 5, 1977.

15 The New York Times The New York Times, June 13, 1987.

16 Cambridge World Gazetteer, Cambridge World Gazetteer, 122. 122.

17 The New York Times The New York Times, January 13, 1987.

18 The New York Times The New York Times, November 5, 1996.

19 Dr. Robert Managhan, "Trends in African Forgeries," Dr. Robert Managhan, "Trends in African Forgeries," Studies in Intelligence, Studies in Intelligence, 19:1, 1975, 14. 19:1, 1975, 14.

20 Crown interview. Crown interview.

21 Ibid. Ibid.

22 Ibid. Ibid.

23 Managhan, "Trends in African Forgeries," 14. Managhan, "Trends in African Forgeries," 14.

24 Crown interview. Crown interview.