7 Richard Helms, Richard Helms, A Look over My Shoulder-A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency A Look over My Shoulder-A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency (New York: Random House, 2003), vii. (New York: Random House, 2003), vii.

Deciphered message from page xxv: All of the statements of fact, opinion, or a.n.a.lysis expressed are those of the authors and do not reflect the official positions or views of the CIA or any other U.S. Goverment [sic] agency. Nothing in the contents should be construed as a.s.serting or implying U.S. government authentication of information or Agency endors.e.m.e.nt of the authors' views. This material has been reviewed by the CIA to prevent disclosure of cla.s.sified information.

CHAPTER ONE.

1 The Medal of Honor, often called the Congressional Medal of Honor, is the highest award for valor in action against an enemy force that can be bestowed on an individual serving in the U.S. Armed Forces. The Medal of Honor, often called the Congressional Medal of Honor, is the highest award for valor in action against an enemy force that can be bestowed on an individual serving in the U.S. Armed Forces.

2 Donovan was initially appointed as director of the OSS's predecessor, the COI (Coordinator of Information) on July 11, 1941. COI's name was changed to OSS on June 13, 1942. See: Donovan was initially appointed as director of the OSS's predecessor, the COI (Coordinator of Information) on July 11, 1941. COI's name was changed to OSS on June 13, 1942. See: www.cia.gov/cia/publications/oss/art03.htm.

3 Stanley P. Lovell, Stanley P. Lovell, Of Spies & Stratagems Of Spies & Stratagems (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1963), 21. (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1963), 21.

4 Ibid., 17 Ibid., 17 5 Ibid. Ibid.

6 Ibid, 21. Ibid, 21.

7 A little over a year later, FDR created the OSRD, which took over weapons research and created another group, Division 19, within the NDRC. Benjamin B. Fischer, A little over a year later, FDR created the OSRD, which took over weapons research and created another group, Division 19, within the NDRC. Benjamin B. Fischer, The Journal of Intelligence History The Journal of Intelligence History (Nuremberg, Germany, Vol. 2, Number 1, Summer 2002), 16. (Nuremberg, Germany, Vol. 2, Number 1, Summer 2002), 16.

8 Ibid., 21. Ibid., 21.

9 Ibid. Ibid.

10 After accepting the position, Lovell wore two hats; he retained his position in the NDRC while heading R&D for OSS. After accepting the position, Lovell wore two hats; he retained his position in the NDRC while heading R&D for OSS.

11 Fredric Boyce and Douglas Everett, Fredric Boyce and Douglas Everett, SOE: The Scientific Secrets SOE: The Scientific Secrets (Phoenix Mill, England: Sutton Publishing Limited, 2003), 5-6. (Phoenix Mill, England: Sutton Publishing Limited, 2003), 5-6.

12 Joseph Persico, Joseph Persico, Roosevelt's Secret War Roosevelt's Secret War (New York: Random House, 2001), 114. (New York: Random House, 2001), 114.

13 Ibid., 187. Ibid., 187.

14 Anthony Cave Brown, Anthony Cave Brown, Wild Bill Donovan: The Last Hero Wild Bill Donovan: The Last Hero (New York: Times Books, 1982), 301. (New York: Times Books, 1982), 301.

15 Ibid. Ibid.

16 Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen, Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen, Spy Book: The Encyclopedia of Espionage Spy Book: The Encyclopedia of Espionage (New York: Random House, 1998), 408. (New York: Random House, 1998), 408.

17 Corey Ford, Corey Ford, Donovan of the OSS Donovan of the OSS (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1970), 135-136. (Boston: Little, Brown & Company, 1970), 135-136.

18 Ibid. Ibid.

19 Bradley F. Smith, Bradley F. Smith, The Shadow Warriors: O.S.S. and the Origins of the C.I.A. The Shadow Warriors: O.S.S. and the Origins of the C.I.A. (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 171. (New York: Basic Books, 1983), 171.

20 Brown, Brown, Wild Bill Donovan, Wild Bill Donovan, 236. 236.

21 Ibid., 185. Ibid., 185.

22 Michael Warner, Michael Warner, The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency (Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, 2000), 8. (Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, 2000), 8.

23 Boyce and Everett, Boyce and Everett, SOE SOE, Appendix A.

24 Lovell, Lovell, Of Spies & Stratagems, Of Spies & Stratagems, 22. 22.

25 For an ill.u.s.tration and details see: H. Keith Melton, For an ill.u.s.tration and details see: H. Keith Melton, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment: Spy Devices of WWII OSS Special Weapons & Equipment: Spy Devices of WWII (New York: Sterling, 1991), 95. (New York: Sterling, 1991), 95.

26 Lovell, Lovell, Of Spies & Stratagems, Of Spies & Stratagems, 42. For images and a description of the 42. For images and a description of the Firefly Firefly see: Melton, see: Melton, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, 85, and Donald B. McLean, 85, and Donald B. McLean, The Plumber's Kitchen: The Secret Story of American Spy Weapons The Plumber's Kitchen: The Secret Story of American Spy Weapons (Wickenburg, Arizona: Normount Technical Publications, 1975), 167-171. (Wickenburg, Arizona: Normount Technical Publications, 1975), 167-171.

27 For images and a description of the For images and a description of the Limpet Limpet see: Melton, see: Melton, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, 58-59, and McLean, 58-59, and McLean, The Plumber's Kitchen, The Plumber's Kitchen, 229-232. 229-232.

28 Melton, Melton, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, 97.

29 Ford, Ford, Donovan of the OSS, Donovan of the OSS, 170; William Stevenson, 170; William Stevenson, A Man Called Intrepid A Man Called Intrepid (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), 114; Stuart Macrae, (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), 114; Stuart Macrae, Winston Churchill's Toyshop Winston Churchill's Toyshop (New York: Walker and Company, 1972), 7-11. (New York: Walker and Company, 1972), 7-11.

30 For ill.u.s.trations and details see: Melton, For ill.u.s.trations and details see: Melton, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, 67-68, and McLean, 67-68, and McLean, The Plumber's Kitchen, The Plumber's Kitchen, 183-186. 183-186.

31 Ibid, Melton, 65-66, and McLean, 81-105. Ibid, Melton, 65-66, and McLean, 81-105.

32 For images and a description of the kit for disguising For images and a description of the kit for disguising Explosive Coal Explosive Coal, see: Melton, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, 70-71. 70-71.

33 McLean, McLean, The Plumber's Kitchen, The Plumber's Kitchen, 137-142. 137-142.

34 H. Keith Melton, H. Keith Melton, The Ultimate Spy Book The Ultimate Spy Book (New York: DK Publishing, 1996), 32; Ivan V. Hogg, (New York: DK Publishing, 1996), 32; Ivan V. Hogg, The New Ill.u.s.trated Encyclopedia of Firearms The New Ill.u.s.trated Encyclopedia of Firearms (Secaucus, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press, 1992), 220. (Secaucus, New Jersey: Wellfleet Press, 1992), 220.

35 For images and a description of the For images and a description of the Liberator Liberator see: Melton, see: Melton, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, 34-35. 34-35.

36 Woolworth was a popular "five and dime" store during World War II. Woolworth was a popular "five and dime" store during World War II.

37 Lovell, Lovell, Of Spies & Stratagems, Of Spies & Stratagems, 40. In reference to the special pistol, Lovell recounted a colorful incident in which Donovan fired the weapon in the White House in the presence of President Roosevelt to demonstrate its flashless and silent characteristics. When Gary Powers was shot down in the U-2 aircraft over the USSR on May 1, 1960, he was armed with an OSS .22 caliber silenced pistol. 40. In reference to the special pistol, Lovell recounted a colorful incident in which Donovan fired the weapon in the White House in the presence of President Roosevelt to demonstrate its flashless and silent characteristics. When Gary Powers was shot down in the U-2 aircraft over the USSR on May 1, 1960, he was armed with an OSS .22 caliber silenced pistol.

38 For images and a description of the For images and a description of the Stinger Stinger see: Melton, see: Melton, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, 29. 29.

39 For images and a description of the For images and a description of the Matchbox Camera Matchbox Camera see: Melton, see: Melton, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, 103-104. 103-104.

40 Joseph E. Persico, Joseph E. Persico, Piercing the Reich Piercing the Reich (New York: Viking, 1979), 26-31. (New York: Viking, 1979), 26-31.

41 Ibid, 28. Ibid, 28.

42 Warner, Warner, The Office of Strategic Services, The Office of Strategic Services, 33. 33.

43 Lovell, Lovell, Of Spies & Stratagems, Of Spies & Stratagems, 56-57. For images and a description of 56-57. For images and a description of Who Me? Who Me? see: Melton, see: Melton, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, OSS Special Weapons & Equipment, 83. The 83. The Who Me? Who Me? formula was a mineral oil solution that used as its active ingredients skatol (from baby diarrhea), formula was a mineral oil solution that used as its active ingredients skatol (from baby diarrhea), n n-butyric acid, n n-valeric acid, and n n-caproic acid. Also see: McLean, The Plumber's Kitchen The Plumber's Kitchen, 177-178.

44 Jack Couffer, Jack Couffer, Bat Bomb: World War II's Other Secret Weapon Bat Bomb: World War II's Other Secret Weapon (Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1992), 4-7. (Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1992), 4-7.

45 McLean, McLean, The Plumber's Kitchen, The Plumber's Kitchen, 62. 62.

46 Couffer, Couffer, Bat Bomb, Bat Bomb, 113-120. 113-120.

47 McLean, McLean, The Plumber's Kitchen, The Plumber's Kitchen, 62. 62.

48 Ibid. Ibid.

49 Ibid, 61-63. Ibid, 61-63.

50 Lovell, Lovell, Of Spies & Stratagems, Of Spies & Stratagems, 84-85. 84-85.

51 Ibid. Ibid.

52 Brown, Brown, Wild Bill Donovan, Wild Bill Donovan, 745. 745.

53 David Bruce, Memo to General William Donovan, May 8, 1943. Decla.s.sified records of the OSS, MORI ID # 24190. David Bruce, Memo to General William Donovan, May 8, 1943. Decla.s.sified records of the OSS, MORI ID # 24190.

54 Persico, Persico, Roosevelt's Secret War, Roosevelt's Secret War, 337. 337.

55 Lovell, Lovell, Of Spies & Stratagems, Of Spies & Stratagems, 86. Lovell refers to this, or a similar project, as "Campbell." 86. Lovell refers to this, or a similar project, as "Campbell."

56 Center for the Study of Intelligence, Center for the Study of Intelligence, Office of Strategic Services 60th Anniversary Special Edition Office of Strategic Services 60th Anniversary Special Edition (Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, June 2002), XI. (Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, June 2002), XI.

57 Ibid., 11. Ibid., 11.

CHAPTER TWO.

1 Ford Ford, Donovan of the OSS, 302. 302.

2 Ibid., 303. Ibid., 303.

3 Thomas F. Troy, Thomas F. Troy, Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency (Frederick, Maryland: University Publications of America, 1981), 282. (Frederick, Maryland: University Publications of America, 1981), 282.

4 Ford, Ford, Donovan of the OSS, Donovan of the OSS, 314. 314.

5 Donovan had hoped to retain OSS or a civilian intelligence service based on the OSS structure after the war. Indeed, he had submitted a proposal to President Roosevelt for such a service, presumably with the intention of heading it. Initially, Truman rejected the idea of a follow-on service, claiming that it would turn into an "American Gestapo." One measure of the change of perception about the threat posed by the USSR in the immediate aftermath of WWII was the sudden shift in Truman's thinking during 1946. Donovan had hoped to retain OSS or a civilian intelligence service based on the OSS structure after the war. Indeed, he had submitted a proposal to President Roosevelt for such a service, presumably with the intention of heading it. Initially, Truman rejected the idea of a follow-on service, claiming that it would turn into an "American Gestapo." One measure of the change of perception about the threat posed by the USSR in the immediate aftermath of WWII was the sudden shift in Truman's thinking during 1946.

6 Ford, Ford, Donovan of the OSS, Donovan of the OSS, 312. 312.

7 Ibid., 314. Ibid., 314.

8 Persico, Persico, Roosevelt's Secret War, Roosevelt's Secret War, 448 448 9 Peter Grose, Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 273. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 273.

10 Ibid., 11. Ibid., 11.

11 Ibid. Ibid.

12 OSO had responsibility for foreign intelligence collection, counterintelligence, covert action, and technical support. OPC had responsibility to conduct paramilitary and psychological operations. OSO had responsibility for foreign intelligence collection, counterintelligence, covert action, and technical support. OPC had responsibility to conduct paramilitary and psychological operations.

13 Grose, Grose, Gentleman Spy, Gentleman Spy, 13. 13.

14 Ibid. Ibid.

15 Benjamin B. Fischer, "The Central Intelligence Agency's Office of Technical Service, 1951-2001" (Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 2001), 13. Benjamin B. Fischer, "The Central Intelligence Agency's Office of Technical Service, 1951-2001" (Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 2001), 13.

16 The name TSS was born from bureaucratic infighting. Components in the DDP that ran operations carried the designation "division." Drum's initial proposal for a technical "division" met with stern objection from the other division chiefs because this would imply an operational rather than a support role for technical services. "Staff" became the acceptable alternative. Fortunately for TSS, Drum's first suggestion for a name, the Material a.s.sistance and Development Office, was also rejected. Inevitably, the staff would have been called the "MAD" techs. The name TSS was born from bureaucratic infighting. Components in the DDP that ran operations carried the designation "division." Drum's initial proposal for a technical "division" met with stern objection from the other division chiefs because this would imply an operational rather than a support role for technical services. "Staff" became the acceptable alternative. Fortunately for TSS, Drum's first suggestion for a name, the Material a.s.sistance and Development Office, was also rejected. Inevitably, the staff would have been called the "MAD" techs.

CHAPTER THREE.

1 The message originated in Moscow. A CIA officer had first written the text in longhand, then, using a one-time pad, he converted the text into what appeared to be a series of random letters. These were given to the local communicator and the coded message was fed through an electronic encryption machine before being transmitted to Langley. Because the message was first enciphered by hand and then by machine, the term "superencipherment" encompa.s.sed the full process. The message originated in Moscow. A CIA officer had first written the text in longhand, then, using a one-time pad, he converted the text into what appeared to be a series of random letters. These were given to the local communicator and the coded message was fed through an electronic encryption machine before being transmitted to Langley. Because the message was first enciphered by hand and then by machine, the term "superencipherment" encompa.s.sed the full process.

2 Ronald Kessler, Ronald Kessler, Inside the CIA Inside the CIA (New York: Pocket Books, 1992), 178. (New York: Pocket Books, 1992), 178.

3 See Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner (editors), See Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner (editors), VENONA: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939-1957 VENONA: Soviet Espionage and the American Response, 1939-1957 (Washington, D.C.: National Security Agency and Central Intelligence Agency, 1996). (Washington, D.C.: National Security Agency and Central Intelligence Agency, 1996).

4 Jerold L. Schecter and Peter S. Deriabin, Jerold L. Schecter and Peter S. Deriabin, The Spy Who Saved the World The Spy Who Saved the World (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992), 348. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1992), 348.

5 The operation ran from April 1961 until August 1962. For a concise description, see: Polmar and Allen, The operation ran from April 1961 until August 1962. For a concise description, see: Polmar and Allen, Spy Book, Spy Book, 490-493. 490-493.

6 Schecter and Deriabin, Schecter and Deriabin, The Spy Who Saved the World, The Spy Who Saved the World, 92-93. 92-93.

7 Ibid., 411. Ibid., 411.

8 Ibid., 340. Ibid., 340.

9 Ibid., 337. Ibid., 337.

10 Ibid., 262. Ibid., 262.

11 Ibid., 413. Ibid., 413.

12 Jacob had run a surveillance detection route (SDR) that made a circuitous route through Moscow culminating at a bookstore that he entered through one door and exited from another. Called "dry cleaning" at the time of the operation, the term has been replaced with the less colorful term SDR. Fifteen years later CIA officers were equipped with hidden earpieces to monitor the transmissions of KGB surveillance teams, but Jacob had no such advantage. Jacob had run a surveillance detection route (SDR) that made a circuitous route through Moscow culminating at a bookstore that he entered through one door and exited from another. Called "dry cleaning" at the time of the operation, the term has been replaced with the less colorful term SDR. Fifteen years later CIA officers were equipped with hidden earpieces to monitor the transmissions of KGB surveillance teams, but Jacob had no such advantage.

13 Schecter and Deriabin, Schecter and Deriabin, The Spy Who Saved the World, The Spy Who Saved the World, 307. 307.

14 Ibid., 394. Ibid., 394.

15 Ibid., 301. Ibid., 301.

16 Ibid., 365-366. Ibid., 365-366.

17 Viktor Suvorov, Viktor Suvorov, Aquarium: The Career and Defection of a Soviet Military Spy Aquarium: The Career and Defection of a Soviet Military Spy (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1985), 1-4. (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1985), 1-4.

18 Schecter and Deriabin, Schecter and Deriabin, The Spy Who Saved the World, The Spy Who Saved the World, 377. 377.

19 Ibid., 95, 351. Ibid., 95, 351.

20 David C. Martin, David C. Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors Wilderness of Mirrors (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), 90. (New York: Harper & Row, 1980), 90.

21 Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books. 1999), 182. (New York: Basic Books. 1999), 182.

22 Schecter and Deriabin, Schecter and Deriabin, The Spy Who Saved the World, The Spy Who Saved the World, 159. 159.

23 Ibid., 248. Ibid., 248.

24 Ibid., 280. Ibid., 280.