NAVICULAR DISEASE.

Navicular disease is an inflammation of the sesamoid sheath, induced by repeated bruising or laceration, and complicated in many cases by inflammation and caries of the navicular bone. In some instances the disease undoubtedly begins in the bone, and the sesamoid sheath becomes involved subsequently by an extension of the inflammatory process.

(Plate x.x.xIV, fig. 5.)

The Thoroughbred horse is more commonly affected than any other, yet no cla.s.s or breed of horses is entirely exempt. The mule, however, seems rarely, if ever, to suffer from it. For reasons which will appear when considering the causes of the disease, the hind feet are not liable to be affected. Usually but one fore foot suffers from the disease, but if both should be attacked the trouble has become chronic in the first before the second shows signs of the disease.

_Causes._--To comprehend fully how navicular disease may be caused by conditions and usages common to nearly all animals, it is necessary to recall the peculiar anatomy of the parts involved in the process and the functions which they perform in locomotion.

It must be remembered that the fore legs largely support the weight of the body when the animal is at rest, and that the faster he moves the greater is the shock which the fore feet must receive as the body is thrown forward by the propelling force of the hind legs. This shock could not be withstood by the tissues of the fore feet and legs were it not that it is largely dissipated by the elastic muscles which bind the shoulder to the body, the ease with which the arm closes on the shoulder blade, and the spring of the fetlock joint. Even these means, however, are not sufficient within themselves to protect the foot from injury; so nature has further supplemented them by placing the coffin joint on the hind part of the coffin bone instead of directly on top of it, whereby a large part of the shock of locomotion is dispersed before it can reach the vertical column represented by the cannon, knee, and arm bones. A still further provision is made by placing a soft, elastic pad--the frog and plantar cushion--at the heels to receive the sesamoid expansion of the flexor tendon as it is forced downward by the pressure of the coronet bone against the navicular. Extraordinary as these means may appear for the destruction of shock, and ample as they are when the animal is at a slow pace or unweighted by rider or load, they fail to relieve the parts completely from concussion and excessive pressure whenever the opposite conditions are present. The result, then, is that the coronet bone forces the navicular hard against the flexor tendon, which, in turn, presses firmly against the navicular as the force of the contracting muscles lifts the tendon into place. It is self-evident, then, that the more rapid the pace and the greater the load, the greater must these contending forces be, and the greater the liability to injury. For the same reason horses with excessive knee action are more liable to suffer from this disease than others, concussion of the foot and intense pressure on the tendon being common among such horses.

Besides the above-mentioned exciting causes must be considered those which predispose to the disease. Most prominent among these is heredity.

It may be claimed, however, that an inherited predisposition to navicular disease consists not so much in a special susceptibility of the tissues which are involved in the process as in a vice of conformation which, as is well known, is liable to be transmitted from parent to offspring. The faults of conformation most likely to be followed by the development of navicular disease are an insufficient plantar cushion, a small frog, high heels, excessive knee action, and contracted heels. Finally, the environments of domestication and use, such as dry stables, heavy pulling, bad shoeing, punctured wounds, etc., all have their influence in developing this disease.

_Symptoms._--In the early stages of navicular disease the symptoms are generally very obscure. When the disease begins in inflammation of the navicular bone, the animal while at rest points the affected foot a time before any lameness is seen. While at work he apparently travels as well as ever, but when placed in the stable one foot is set out in front of the other, resting on the toe, with fetlock and knee flexed. After a time, if the case is closely watched, the animal takes a few lame steps while at work, but the lameness disappears as suddenly as it came, and the driver doubts whether the animal was really lame at all. Later the patient has a lame spell which may last during a greater part of the day, but the next morning it is gone; he leaves the stable all right, but goes lame again during the day. In times he has a severe attack of lameness, which may last for a week or more, when a remission takes place and it may be weeks or months before another attack supervenes.

Finally, he becomes constantly lame, and the more he is used the greater the lameness.

In the lameness from navicular disease the affected leg always takes a short step, and the toe of the foot first strikes the ground; so the shoe is most worn at this point. If the patient is made to move backward, the foot is set down with exceeding great care, and the weight rests upon the affected leg but a moment. When exercised he often stumbles, and if the road is rough he may fall on his knees. If he is lame in both feet the gait is stilty, the shoulders seem stiff, and, if made to work, he sweats profusely from intense pain. Early in the development of the disease a careful examination will reveal some increased heat in the heels and frog, particularly after work; as the disease progresses this becomes more marked, until the whole foot is hot to the touch. At the same time there is an increased sensibility of the foot, for the patient flinches from the percussion of a hammer lightly applied to the frog and heels or from the pressure of the smith's pincers. The frog is generally shrunken, often of a pale-red color, and at times is affected with thrush. If the heels are pared away so that all the weight is received on the frog, or if the same result is attained by the application of a bar shoe, the animal is excessively lame. The muscles of the leg and shoulder shrink away and often tremble as the animal stands at rest. After months of lameness the foot is found to be shrunken in its diameter and apparently lengthened; the horn is dry and brittle and has lost its natural gloss, while circular ridges, developed most toward the heels, cover the upper part of the hoof. When both feet are affected the animal points first one foot then the other, and stands with the hind feet well forward beneath the body, so as to relieve the fore feet as much as possible from bearing weight. In old cases the wasting of the muscles and the knuckling at the fetlock become so great that the leg can not be straightened and locomotion can scarcely be performed. The disease generally makes a steady progress without inclining to recovery--the remission of symptoms in the earlier stages should not be interpreted as evidence that the process has terminated. The complications usually seen are ringbones, sidebones, thrush, contracted heels, quartercracks, and fractures of the navicular, coronet, and pastern bones.

_Treatment._--But few cases of navicular disease recover. In the early stages the wall of the heels should be rasped away, as directed in the treatment for contracted heels, until the horn is quite thin; the coronet should be well blistered with Spanish-fly ointment, and the patient turned to gra.s.s in a damp field or meadow. After three or four weeks the blister should be repeated. This treatment is to be continued for two or three months. Plane shoes are to be put on when the patient is returned to work. In chronic cases the animal should be put to slow, easy work. To relieve the pain, neurotomy may be performed--an operation in which the sense of feeling is destroyed in the foot by cutting out pieces of the nerve at the fetlock. This operation in nowise cures the disease, and, since it may be attended with serious results, can be advised only in certain favorable cases, to be determined by the veterinarian.

SIDEBONES.

A sidebone consists in a transformation of the lateral cartilages found on the wings of the coffin bone into bony matter by the deposition of lime salts. The disease is a common one, especially in heavy horses used for draft, in cavalry horses, cow ponies, and other saddle horses, and in runners and trotters.

Sidebones are peculiar to the fore feet, yet they occasionally develop in the hind feet, where they are of little importance since they cause no lameness. In many instances sidebones are of slow growth and, being unaccompanied with acute inflammation, they cause no lameness until such time as, by reason of their size, they interfere with the action of the joint. (Plate x.x.xIV, fig. 4.)

_Causes._--Sidebones often grow in heavy horses without any apparent injury, and their development has been attributed to the over-expansion of the cartilages caused by the great weight of the animal. Blows and other injuries to the cartilages may set up an inflammatory process which ends in the formation of these bony growths. High-heeled shoes, high calks, and long feet are always cla.s.sed among the conditions which may excite the growth of sidebones. They are often seen in connection with contracted heels, ringbones, navicular disease, punctured wounds of the foot, quarter cracks, and occasionally as a sequel to founder.

_Symptoms._--In the earlier stages of the disease, if inflammation is present, the only evidence of the trouble to be detected is a little fever over the seat of the affected cartilage and a slight lameness. In the lameness of sidebones the toe of the foot first strikes the ground and the step is shorter than natural. The subject comes out of the stable stiff and sore, but the gait is more free after exercise.

Since the deposit of bony matter often begins in that part of the cartilage where it is attached to the coffin bone, the diseased process may exist for some time before the bony growth can be seen or felt.

Later, however, the cartilage can be felt to have lost its elastic character, and by standing in front of the animal a prominence of the coronary region at the quarters can be seen. Occasionally these bones become so large as to bulge the hoof outward, and by pressing on the joint they so interfere with locomotion that the animal becomes entirely useless.

_Treatment._--So soon as the disease can be diagnosed active treatment should be adopted. Cold-water bandages are to be used for a few days to relieve the fever and soreness.

The improvement consequent on the use of these simple measures often leads to the belief that the disease has recovered; but with a return to work the lameness, fever, etc., reappears. For this reason the use of blisters, or, better still, the firing iron, should follow on the discontinuance of the cold bandages.

But in many instances no treatment will arrest the growth of these bony tumors, and as a palliative measure neurotomy must be resorted to.

Generally this operation will so relieve the pain of locomotion that the patient may be used for slow work; but in animals used for fast driving or for saddle purposes, the operation is practically useless. Some years ago at Fort Leavenworth I unnerved a number of cavalry horses that were suffering from sidebones, and the records show that in less than seven months all were more lame than ever. Since a predisposition to develop sidebones may be inherited, animals suffering from this disease should not be used for breeding purposes unless the trouble is known to have originated from an accident.

RINGBONE.

A ringbone is the growth of a bony tumor on the ankle. This tumor is, in fact, not the disease, but simply the result of an inflammatory action set up in the periosteum and bone tissue proper of the pastern bones.

(Plate x.x.xIV, fig. 1.) (See also p. 313.)

_Causes._--Injuries, such as blows, sprains, overwork in young, undeveloped animals, fast work on hard roads, jumping, etc., are among the princ.i.p.al exciting causes of ringbone. Horses most disposed to this disease are those with short, upright pasterns, for the reason that the shock of locomotion is but imperfectly dissipated in the fore legs of these animals. Improper shoeing, such as the use of high calks, a too great shortening of the toe and correspondingly high heels, predispose to this disease by increasing the concussion to the feet.

_Symptoms._--The first symptom of an actively developed ringbone is the appearance of a lameness more or less acute. If the bony tumor forms on the side or upper parts of the large pastern, its growth is generally unattended with acute inflammatory action, and consequently produces no lameness or evident fever. These are called "false" ringbones. But when the tumors form on the whole circ.u.mference of the ankle, or simply in front under the extensor tendon, or behind under the flexor tendons, or if they involve the joints between the two pastern bones, or between the small pastern and the coffin bone, the lameness is always severe. These const.i.tute the true ringbone. Besides lameness, the ankle of the affected limb presents more or less heat, and in many instances a rather firm, though limited, swelling of the deeper tissues over the seat of the inflammatory process. The lameness of ringbone is characteristic in that the heel is first placed on the ground when the disease is in a fore leg, and the ankle is kept as rigid as possible. In the hind leg, however, the toe strikes the ground first, when the ringbone is high on the ankle, just as in health, but the ankle is maintained in a rigid position. If the bony growth is under the front tendon of the hind leg, or if it involves the coffin joint, the heel is brought to the ground first. In the early stages of the disease it is not always easy to diagnose ringbone, but when the deposits have reached some size they can be felt and seen as well.

The importance of a ringbone depends on its seat and often on its size.

If it interferes with the joints or with the tendons it may cause an incurable lameness, even though small. If it is on the sides of the large pastern, the lameness generally disappears as soon as the tumor has reached its growth and the inflammation subsides. Even when the pastern joint is involved, if complete anchylosis results, the patient may recover from the lameness with simply an imperfect action of the foot remaining, due to the stiff joint.

_Treatment._--Before the bony growth has commenced the inflammatory process may be cut short by the use of cold baths and wet bandages, followed by one or more blisters. If the bony deposits have begun, the firing iron should always be used. Even when the tumors are large and the pastern joint involved, firing often hastens the process of anchylosis and should always be tried.

When the lower joint is involved, or if the tumor interferes with the action of the tendons, recovery is not to be expected. In many of these latter cases, however, the animal may be made serviceable by proper shoeing. If the patient walks with the toe on the ground, the foot should be shod with a high-heeled shoe and a short toe. On the other hand, if he walks on the heel, a thick-toed and thin-heeled shoe must be worn.

Since ringbone is considered to be one of the hereditary diseases, no animal suffering from this trouble should ever be used for breeding purposes.

LAMINITIS, OR FOUNDER.

Laminitis is a simple inflammation of the sensitive laminae of the feet, characterized by the general phenomena attending inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes, producing no const.i.tutional disturbances except those dependent upon the local disease, and having a strong tendency, in severe cases, to destructive disorganization of the tissues affected.

_Causes._--The causes of laminitis are as wide and variable as in any of the local inflammations, and may be divided into two cla.s.ses--the predisposing and the exciting.

_Predisposing causes._--From personal observation I do not know that any particular construction of foot or any special breed of horses is predisposed to this disease, neither can I find anything to warrant the a.s.sumption that it is in any way hereditary; so that while we may easily cultivate a predisposition to the disease, it does not originate without an exciting cause. Like most other tissues, a predisposition to inflammation may be induced in the sensitive laminae by any cause which lessens their power of withstanding the work imposed on them. It exists to an extent in those animals unaccustomed to work, particularly if they are plethoric, and in all that have been previous subjects of the disease, for the same rule holds good here that we find in so many diseases--i. e., that one attack impairs the functional activity of the affected tissues and renders them more easy of a subsequent inflammation. Unusual excitement by determining an excessive blood supply, bad shoeing, careless paring of the feet by removing the sole support, and high calkings without corresponding toe pieces must be included under this head.

_Exciting causes._--The exciting causes of laminitis are many and varied. The most common are concussion, overexertion, exhaustion, rapid changes of temperature, ingestion of certain feeds, purgatives, and the oft-mentioned metastasis.

(1) Concussion produces this disease by local overstimulation. The excessive excitement is followed by an almost complete exhaustion of the functional activity of the laminated tissues, the exhaustion by congestion, and eventually by inflammation. But congestion here, as in all other tissues, is not necessarily followed by inflammation; for, although the princ.i.p.al symptoms belonging to true laminitis are present, the congestion may be relieved before the processes of inflammation are fully established. This is the condition in the many so-called cases of laminitis which recover in from 24 to 48 hours. They should be called congestion of the laminae.

Laminitis from concussion is common in trotting horses that are raced when not in condition, especially if they carry the obnoxious toe weights, and in green horses put to work on city pavements to which they are unaccustomed. Concussion from long drives on dirt roads is at times productive of the same results, notably when the weather is extremely warm, or at least when the relative change of temperature is great. But the exhaustion of these circ.u.mstances must prove an exciting cause as well as the long-continued concussion. This combination of causes must also determine the disease at times in hunters, for the weight of the rider increases the demands made upon the function of these tissues, and their powers are the sooner exhausted.

(2) Overexertion, as heavy pulling or rapid work, even when there is no immoderate concussion, occasionally results in this disease. Here also exhaustion is a conjunctive cause, for overexertion can not be long continued without exhaustion.

(3) Exhaustion is nearly as prolific a source of laminitis as is concussion, for when the physical strength is impaired, even though temporarily, some part of the economy is rendered more vulnerable to disease than others. To this cause we must ascribe those cases which follow a hard day's work, in which at no time has there been overexertion or immoderate concussion.

The tendency to laminitis in horses on sea voyages results from the continual constrained position the animal maintains on account of the rocking motion of the vessel.

If one foot has been blistered, or if one limb is incapacitated from any cause, the opposite member, doing double duty, soon becomes exhausted, and congestion, followed by inflammation, results. When one foot only becomes laminitic, it is customary to find the corresponding member partic.i.p.ating at a later date; not always because of sympathy, but because one foot had to do the work of two.

(4) Rapid changes of temperature act as an exciting cause of laminitis by impairing the normal blood supply.

This change of temperature may be induced by drinking large quant.i.ties of cold water while in an overheated condition. Here the internal heat is rapidly reduced, the neighboring tissues and blood vessels constrained, and the blood supply to these organs greatly diminished, while the quant.i.ty sent to the surface is correspondingly increased.

True, in many cases there has not been sufficient labor performed to impair the powers of the laminae, and laminitis is more readily induced than congestion or inflammation of the skin or other surface organs, because the laminae can not relieve themselves of threatened congestion by the general safety valve of perspiration. A cold wind or relatively cold air allowed to play upon the body when heated and wet with sweat has virtually the same result, for it arrests evaporation and rapidly cools the external surface, thereby determining an excess of blood to such organs and tissues as are protected from this outside influence. In many instances this happens to be some of the internal organs, as the lungs, if the previous work has been rapid and their functional activity impaired; but in numerous other instances the determination is toward the feet, and that it is so depends upon two very palpable facts: First, that these tissues have been greatly excited and are already receiving as much blood as they can accommodate consistently with health; second, even though these tissues are cla.s.sed with those of the surface, their protection from atmospheric influences by means of the thick box of horn incasing them renders them in this respect equivalent to internal organs.

A more limited local action of cold may excite this disease, by driving through water or washing the feet and legs while the animal is warm or just in from work. Here a very marked reaction takes place in the surface tissues of the limbs, and pa.s.sive congestion of the foot results from an interference with the return flow of blood which is being sent to these organs in excess. These are more liable to be simple cases of congestion, soon to recover, yet they may become true cases of laminitis.

(5) Why it is that certain kinds of grain will cause laminitis does not seem to be clearly understood. Certainly they possess no specific action upon the laminae, for all animals are not alike affected; neither do they always produce these results in the same animal. Some of these feeds cause a strong tendency to indigestion, and the consequent irritation of the alimentary ca.n.a.l may be so great as to warrant the belief that the laminae are affected through sympathy. In other instances there is no apparent interference with digestion nor evidence of any irritation of the mucous membranes, yet the disease is in some manner dependent upon the feed for its inception. Barley, wheat, and sometimes corn are the grains most liable to cause this disease. With some horses there appears to be a particular susceptibility to this influence of corn, and the use of this grain is followed by inflammation of the feet, lasting from a few days to two weeks. In these animals, to all appearances healthy, the corn neither induces colic, indigestion, nor purging, and apparently no irritation whatever of the alimentary ca.n.a.l.

(6) Fortunately purgative medicines rarely cause inflammation of the laminae. That it is, then, the result of sympathetic action is no doubt more than hypothetical, for when there is no derangement of the alimentary ca.n.a.l a dose of cathartic medicine will at times bring on severe laminitis.

(7) Almost all the older authorities were agreed that metastatic laminitis is a reality. In my opinion metastatic laminitis is nothing more nor less than concurrent laminitis, and presents little in any way peculiar outside the imperfectly understood exciting cause. The pract.i.tioner who allows the acute symptoms of the laminitis to mislead him, simply because their severity has overshadowed those of the primary disease, may lose his case through unguarded subsequent treatment. This form of laminitis is by no means commonly met with. It may be found in conjunction with pneumonia, according to Youatt with inflammation of the bowels and eyes, and according to Law and Williams sometimes with bronchitis.

_Symptoms._--Laminitis is characterized by a congregation of symptoms so well marked as scarcely to be misinterpreted by the most casual observer. They are nearly constant in their manifestations, modified by the number of feet affected, the cause which has induced the disease, the previous condition of the patient, and the various other influences which to some extent operate in all diseases. They may be divided into general symptoms, which are concomitants of all cases of the disease, subject to variations in degree only, and special symptoms, or those which serve to determine the feet affected and the complications which may arise.