Derivation: From ati-muca, ruler, master; literally, servants attend upon him.

In the Historical Magazine as above cited appears a notice of the Timuquana language by Buckingham Smith, in which is affirmed its distinctness upon the evidence of language. A short vocabulary is appended, which was collated from the Confessionario by Padre Pareja, 1613. Brinton and Gatschet have studied the Timuquana language and have agreed as to the distinctness of the family from any other of the United States. Both the latter authorities are inclined to take the view that it has affinities with the Carib family to the southward, and it seems by no means improbable that ultimately the Timuquana language will be considered an offshoot of the Carib linguistic stock. At the present time, however, such a conclusion would not be justified by the evidence gathered and published.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

It is impossible to a.s.sign definite limits to the area occupied by the tribes of this family. From doc.u.mentary testimony of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the limits of the family domain appear to have been about as follows: In general terms the present northern limits of the State of Florida may be taken as the northern frontier, although upon the Atlantic side Timuquanan territory may have extended into Georgia. Upon the northwest the boundary line was formed in De Sotos time by the Ocilla River. Lake Okeechobee on the south, or as it was then called Lake Sarrape or Mayaimi, may be taken as the boundary between the Timuquanan tribes proper and the Calusa province upon the Gulf coast and the Tegesta province upon the Atlantic side. Nothing whatever of the languages spoken in these two latter provinces is available for comparison. A number of the local names of these provinces given by Fontanedo (1559) have terminations similar to many of the Timuquanan local names. This slender evidence is all that we have from which to infer the Timuquanan relationship of the southern end of the peninsula.

PRINc.i.p.aL TRIBES.

The following settlements appear upon the oldest map of the regions we possess, that of De Bry (Narratio; Frankf. a. M. 15, 1590):

(A) Sh.o.r.es of St. Johns River, from mouth to sources:

Patica. Utina.

Saturiwa. Patchica.

Atore. Chilili.

h.o.m.olua or Molua. Calanay.

Alimacani. Onochaquara.

Casti. Mayarca.

Malica. Mathiaca.

Melona. Maiera.

Timoga or Timucua. Mocoso.

Enecaqua. Cadica.

Choya. Eloquale.

Edelano (island). Aquonena.

Astina.

(B) On a (fict.i.tious) western tributary of St. Johns River, from mouth to source:

Hicaranaou.

Appalou.

Oustaca.

Onathcaqua.

Potanou.

Ehiamana.

Anouala.

(C) East Floridian coast, from south to north:

Mocossou.

Oathcaqua.

Sorrochos.

Hanocoroucouay.

Marracou.

(D) On coast north of St. Johns River:

Hiouacara.

(E) The following are gathered from all other authorities, mostly from the accounts of De Sotos expedition:

Acquera. San Mateo (1688).

Aguile. Santa Lucia de Acuera Basisa or Vacissa (SE. coast).

(1688). Tacatacuru.

Cholupaha. Tocaste.

Hapaluya. Tolemato.

Hirrihiqua. Topoqui.

Itafi Tucururu (perhaps a province). (SE. coast) Itara Ucita.

Machaua (1688). Urriparacuxi.

Napetuca. Yupaha Osile (Oxille). (perhaps a province).

San Juan de Guacara (1688).

TONIKAN FAMILY.

= Tunicas, Gallatin in Trans. and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc., II, 115, 116, 1836 (quotes Dr. Sibley, who states they speak a distinct language).

Latham, Nat. Hist. Man, 341, 1850 (opposite mouth of Red River; quotes Dr. Sibley as to distinctness of language).

= Tonica, Gatschet, Creek Mig. Legend, I, 39, 1884 (brief account of tribe).

= Tonika, Gatschet in Science, 412, April 29, 1887 (distinctness as a family a.s.serted; the tribe calls itself Tni?ka).

Derivation: From the Tonika word ni, man, people; t- is a prefix or article; -ka, -?ka a nominal suffix.

The distinctness of the Tonika language, has long been suspected, and was indeed distinctly stated by Dr. Sibley in 1806.[98] The statement to this effect by Dr. Sibley was quoted by Gallatin in 1836, but as the latter possessed no vocabulary of the language he made no attempt to cla.s.sify it. Latham also dismisses the language with the same quotation from Sibley. Positive linguistic proof of the position of the language was lacking until obtained by Mr. Gatschet in 1886, who declared it to form a family by itself.

[Footnote 98: Presidents message, February 19, 1806.]

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

The Tonika are known to have occupied three localities: First, on the Lower Yazoo River (1700); second, east sh.o.r.e of Mississippi River (about 1704); third, in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana (1817). Near Marksville, the county seat of that parish, about twenty-five are now living.

TONKAWAN FAMILY.

= Tonkawa, Gatschet, Zwlf Sprachen aus dem Sdwesten Nordamerikas, 76, 1876 (vocabulary of about 300 words and some sentences). Gatschet, Die Sprache der Tonkawas, in Zeitschrift fr Ethnologie, 64, 1877.

Gatschet (1876), in Proc. Am. Philosoph. Soc., XVI, 318, 1877.

Derivation: the full form is the Caddo or Wako term tonkawya, they all stay together (wya, all).

After a careful examination of all the linguistic material available for comparison, Mr. Gatschet has concluded that the language spoken by the Tonkawa forms a distinct family.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.