[Footnote 44: Cession No. 1, on Royces Cherokee map, 1884.]

[Footnote 45: Howe in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, 1854, vol. 4, p. 163.]

[Footnote 46: Cession 2, on Royces Cherokee map, 1884.]

[Footnote 47: Howe in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, 1854, vol. 4, pp.

155-159.]

[Footnote 48: Cession 4, on Royces Cherokee map, 1884.]

[Footnote 49: Sir William Johnson in Parkmans Conspiracy of Pontiac, app.]

[Footnote 50: Bancroft, Hist. U.S.]

[Footnote 51: Ramsey, Annals of Tennessee, 1853.]

[Footnote 52: Ramsey, Annals of Tennessee, 1853.]

[Footnote 53: Blount (1792) in Am. State Papers, 1832, vol. 4, p. 336.]

The whole region of West Virginia, Kentucky, and the c.u.mberland River region of Tennessee was claimed by the Iroquois and Cherokee, but the Iroquois never occupied any of it and the Cherokee could not be said to occupy any beyond the c.u.mberland Mountains. The c.u.mberland River was originally held by the Shawnee, and the rest was occupied, so far as it was occupied at all, by the Shawnee, Delaware, and occasionally by the Wyandot and Mingo (Iroquoian), who made regular excursions southward across the Ohio every year to hunt and to make salt at the licks. Most of the temporary camps or villages in Kentucky and West Virginia were built by the Shawnee and Delaware. The Shawnee and Delaware were the princ.i.p.al barrier to the settlement of Kentucky and West Virginia for a period of 20 years, while in all that time neither the Cherokee nor the Iroquois offered any resistance or checked the opposition of the Ohio tribes.

The Cherokee bounds in Virginia should be extended along the mountain region as far at least as the James River, as they claim to have lived at the Peaks of Otter,[54] and seem to be identical with the Rickohockan or Rechahecrian of the early Virginia writers, who lived in the mountains beyond the Monacan, and in 1656 ravaged the lowland country as far as the site of Richmond and defeated the English and the Powhatan Indians in a pitched battle at that place.[55]

[Footnote 54: Schoolcraft, Notes on Iroquois, 1847.]

[Footnote 55: Bancroft, Hist. U.S.]

The language of the Tuscarora, formerly of northeastern North Carolina, connect them directly with the northern Iroquois. The Chowanoc and Nottoway and other cognate tribes adjoining the Tuscarora may have been offshoots from that tribe.

PRINc.i.p.aL TRIBES.

Cayuga.

Cherokee.

Conestoga.

Erie.

Mohawk.

Neuter.

Nottoway.

Oneida.

Onondaga.

Seneca.

Tionontate.

Tuscarora.

Wyandot.

_Population._--The present number of the Iroquoian stock is about 43,000, of whom over 34,000 (including the Cherokees) are in the United States while nearly 9,000 are in Canada. Below is given the population of the different tribes, compiled chiefly from the Canadian Indian Report for 1888, and the United States Census Bulletin for 1890:

Cherokee: Cherokee and Choctaw Nations, Indian Territory (exclusive of adopted Indians, negroes, and whites) 25,557 Eastern Band, Qualla Reservation, Cheowah, etc., North Carolina (exclusive of those practically white) 1,500?

Lawrence school, Kansas 6 ------ 27,063 Caughnawaga: Caughnawaga, Quebec 1,673

Cayuga: Grand River, Ontario 972?

With Seneca, Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory (total 255) 128?

Cattaraugus Reserve, New York 165 Other Reserves in New York 36 ------ 1,301?

Iroquois: Of Lake of Two Mountains, Quebec, mainly Mohawk (with Algonquin) 345 With Algonquin at Gibson, Ontario (total 131) 31?

------ 376?

Mohawk: Quinte Bay, Ontario 1,050 Grand River, Ontario 1,302 Tonawanda, Onondaga, and Cattaraugus Reserves, New York 6 ------ 2,358 Oneida: Oneida and other Reserves, New York 295 Green Bay Agency, Wisconsin (including homeless Indians) 1,716 Carlisle and Hampton schools 104 Thames River, Ontario 778 Grand River, Ontario 236 ------ 3,129 Onondaga: Onondaga Reserve, New York 380 Allegany Reserve, New York 77 Cattaraugus Reserve, New York 38 Tuscarora (41) and Tonawanda (4) Reserves, New York 45 Carlisle and Hampton schools 4 Grand River, Ontario 346 ------ 890 Seneca: With Cayuga, Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory (total 255) 127?

Allegany Reserve, New York 862 Cattaraugus Reserve, New York 1,318 Tonawanda Reserve, New York 517 Tusarora and Onondaga Reserves, New York 12 Lawrence, Hampton, and Carlisle schools 13 Grand River, Ontario 206 ------ 3,055?

St. Regis: St. Regis Reserve, New York 1,053 Onondaga and other Reserves, New York 17 St. Regis Reserve, Quebec 1,179 ------ 2,249 Tuscarora: Tuscarora Reserve, New York 398 Cattaraugus and Tonawanda Reserves, New York 6 Grand River, Ontario 329 ------ 733 Wyandot: Quapaw Agency, Indian Territory 288 Lawrence, Hampton, and Carlisle schools 18 Hurons of Lorette, Quebec 279 Wyandots of Anderdon, Ontario 98 ------ 683

The Iroquois of St. Regis, Caughnawaga, Lake of Two Mountains (Oka), and Gibson speak a dialect mainly Mohawk and Oneida, but are a mixture of all the tribes of the original Five Nations.

KALAPOOIAN FAMILY.

= Kalapooiah, Scouler in Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc. Lond., XI, 335, 1841 (includes Kalapooiah and Yamkallie; thinks the Umpqua and Cathlascon languages are related). Buschmann, Spuren der aztek. Sprache, 599, 617, 1859, (follows Scouler).

= Kalapuya, Hale in U.S. Expl. Exp., VI, 3217, 584, 1846 (of Willamet Valley above Falls). Gallatin in Trans. Am. Eth. Soc., I pt. 1, c, 17, 77, 1848. Berghaus (1851), Physik. Atlas, map 17, 1853. Gallatin in Sohoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 402, 1853. Latham in Trans. Philolog.

Soc. Lond., 73, 1856. Buschmann, Spuren der aztek. Sprache, 617, 1859.

Latham, Opuscula, 340, 1860. Gatschet in Mag. Arn. Hist., 167, 1877.

Gatschet in Beach, Ind. Misc., 443, 1877.

> Calapooya, Bancroft, Nat. Races, III, 565, 639, 1883.

X Chinooks, Keane, App. Stanfords Comp. (Cent, and So. Am.), 474, 1878 (includes Calapooyas and Yamkally).

> Yamkally, Bancroft, Nat. Races, III, 565, 630, 1883 (bears a certain relationship to Calapooya).

Under this family name Scouler places two tribes, the Kalapooiah, inhabiting the fertile Willamat plains and the Yamkallie, who live more in the interior, towards the sources of the Willamat River.

Scouler adds that the Umpqua appear to belong to this Family, although their language is rather more remote from the Kalapooiah than the Yamkallie is. The Umpqua language is now placed under the Athapascan family. Scouler also a.s.serts the intimate relationship of the Cathlascon tribes to the Kalapooiah family. They are now cla.s.sed as Chinookan.

The tribes of the Kalapooian family inhabited the valley of Willamette River, Oregon, above the falls, and extended well up to the headwaters of that stream. They appear not to have reached the Columbia River, being cut off by tribes of the Chinookan family, and consequently were not met by Lewis and Clarke, whose statements of their habitat were derived solely from natives.

PRINc.i.p.aL TRIBES

_Ahntchuyuk_ (Pudding River Indians).

Atflati.

Calapooya.

Chelamela.

Lkmiut.

Santiam.

Ymil.

_Population._--So far as known the surviving Indians of this family are all at the Grande Ronde Agency, Oregon.