3 U.S. Supreme Court, U.S. Supreme Court, Pierce v. Society of Sisters Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925) at 12. (1925) at 12.

4 U.S. Supreme Court, U.S. Supreme Court, Zelman v. Simmons-Harris Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) at 32. (2002) at 32.

5 For a complete defense of this statement, see Joseph L. Bast and Herbert J. Walberg, "Can Parents Choose the Best Schools for Their Children?" For a complete defense of this statement, see Joseph L. Bast and Herbert J. Walberg, "Can Parents Choose the Best Schools for Their Children?" Economics of Education Review Economics of Education Review 23 (2004): 431-40. 23 (2004): 431-40.

6 John E. c.o.o.ns and S. D. Sugarman, John E. c.o.o.ns and S. D. Sugarman, Education by Choice: The Case for Family Control Education by Choice: The Case for Family Control (Troy, NY: Educator's International Press, 1978), p. 47. (Troy, NY: Educator's International Press, 1978), p. 47.

7 Ibid., p. 51. Ibid., p. 51.

8 Andrew J. Coulson, Andrew J. Coulson, Market Education: The Unknown History Market Education: The Unknown History (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1999), p. 260. See (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1999), p. 260. See http://www.cato.org/people/coulson.html for additional Coulson references and information. for additional Coulson references and information.

9 U.S. Department of Education, "National Household Survey, 1993," cited in Coulson, U.S. Department of Education, "National Household Survey, 1993," cited in Coulson, Market Education Market Education.

10 Caroline M. Hoxby, "If Families Matter Most," in Caroline M. Hoxby, "If Families Matter Most," in A Primer on America's Schools A Primer on America's Schools, ed. Terry M. Moe (Stanford, CA: Hoover Inst.i.tution Press, 2001), p. 117.

11 Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman, Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman, Free to Choose Free to Choose (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980), p. 160. (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980), p. 160.

12 George A. Clowes, "Polls Show Vouchers Are Popular and Would Be Widely Used," George A. Clowes, "Polls Show Vouchers Are Popular and Would Be Widely Used," School Reform News School Reform News, April 2004.

13 Public Agenda, "On Thin Ice: How Advocates and Opponents Could Misread the Public's View on Vouchers and Charter Schools," 1999. Public Agenda, "On Thin Ice: How Advocates and Opponents Could Misread the Public's View on Vouchers and Charter Schools," 1999.

14 Harwood Group, "Halfway Out the Door: Citizens Talk about Their Mandate for Public Schools,"Kettering Foundation, 1995 , Harwood Group, "Halfway Out the Door: Citizens Talk about Their Mandate for Public Schools,"Kettering Foundation, 1995 , http: // www.theharwoodgroup.com.

15 Lowell C. Rose and Alec M. Gallup, "The 38th Annual Phi Delta Kappa/ Gallup Poll of the Public's Att.i.tudes toward the Public Schools," Phi Delta Kappa International, 2006. Lowell C. Rose and Alec M. Gallup, "The 38th Annual Phi Delta Kappa/ Gallup Poll of the Public's Att.i.tudes toward the Public Schools," Phi Delta Kappa International, 2006.

16 Terry Moe, "Cooking the Questions," Terry Moe, "Cooking the Questions," Education Next Education Next, 2002, pp. 70-72, http://Iwww.educationnext.org/20021/70.html.

17 "New Evidence Calls PDK School Choice Poll into Question," Milton and Rose Friedman Foundation, news release, August 23, 2005, "New Evidence Calls PDK School Choice Poll into Question," Milton and Rose Friedman Foundation, news release, August 23, 2005, http://www.friedmanfoundation.org/news/2005-08-23.html.

18 Education Testing Service, "Ready for the Real World? Americans Speak on High School Reform," public opinion research conducted by Peter D. Hart and David Winston, June 2005, Education Testing Service, "Ready for the Real World? Americans Speak on High School Reform," public opinion research conducted by Peter D. Hart and David Winston, June 2005, http://ftp.ets.org/pub/corp/2005execsum.pdf.

19 Peter D. Hart Research a.s.sociates and Public Opinion Strategies, "Rising to the Challenge: Are High School Graduates Ready for College and Work? Key Findings from Surveys among Public High School Graduates, College Instructors, and Employers," February 2005 (survey conducted December 2004-January 2005 for Achieve, Inc.). Peter D. Hart Research a.s.sociates and Public Opinion Strategies, "Rising to the Challenge: Are High School Graduates Ready for College and Work? Key Findings from Surveys among Public High School Graduates, College Instructors, and Employers," February 2005 (survey conducted December 2004-January 2005 for Achieve, Inc.).

20 Rose and Gallup. Rose and Gallup.

21 E. D. Tab, "Parent and Family Involvement in Education: 2002-2003, E. D. Tab, "Parent and Family Involvement in Education: 2002-2003," National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Survey, 2005, Table 13, p. 45. National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Survey, 2005, Table 13, p. 45.

22 Terry Moe, Terry Moe, Schools, Vouchers, and the American Public Schools, Vouchers, and the American Public (Washington: Brookings Inst.i.tution, 2001), p. 69. (Washington: Brookings Inst.i.tution, 2001), p. 69.

23 Glover Park Group. "Poll Finds Broad Support for Public Charter Schools," 2006. Glover Park Group. "Poll Finds Broad Support for Public Charter Schools," 2006.

24 U.S. Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics, "1.1 Million Homeschooled Students in the United States in 2003," 2004, U.S. Department of Education National Center for Education Statistics, "1.1 Million Homeschooled Students in the United States in 2003," 2004, http://nces.ed.gov/nhes/homeschool/.

25 Isabel Lyman, "Home Schooling: Back to the Future," Cato Inst.i.tute Policy a.n.a.lysis no. 294, January 7, 1998. Isabel Lyman, "Home Schooling: Back to the Future," Cato Inst.i.tute Policy a.n.a.lysis no. 294, January 7, 1998.

26 Luis Huerta, Maria-Fernanda Gonzalez, and Chad d'Entremont, "Cyber and Home School Charter Schools: Defining New Forms of Public Schooling, Luis Huerta, Maria-Fernanda Gonzalez, and Chad d'Entremont, "Cyber and Home School Charter Schools: Defining New Forms of Public Schooling, Peabody Journal of Education Peabody Journal of Education 81, no. 1 (2006): 103-39. 81, no. 1 (2006): 103-39.

27 Mark Schneider and Jack Buckley, "Can Modern Technologies Cross the Digital Divide to Enhance Choice and Build Stronger Communities?" Columbia University Teachers College National Center for the Study of Privatization in Education Occasional Paper no. 7, October 2000. Mark Schneider and Jack Buckley, "Can Modern Technologies Cross the Digital Divide to Enhance Choice and Build Stronger Communities?" Columbia University Teachers College National Center for the Study of Privatization in Education Occasional Paper no. 7, October 2000.

28 Amos Bradley, "Survey Reveals Teens Yearn for High Standards," Amos Bradley, "Survey Reveals Teens Yearn for High Standards," Education Week Education Week, February 12, 1997, p. 12.

29 James Johnson and Samuel Farkas, "Getting By: What American Teenagers Really Think about Their Schools," Public Agenda, 1997. James Johnson and Samuel Farkas, "Getting By: What American Teenagers Really Think about Their Schools," Public Agenda, 1997.

30 Jeff Archer, "District Leaders Said Not to Share Urgency for Education Reform," Jeff Archer, "District Leaders Said Not to Share Urgency for Education Reform," Education Week Education Week, October 4, 2006, p. 7.

31 Harris Interactive, "The MetLife Survey of the American Teacher 2001," 2001. Harris Interactive, "The MetLife Survey of the American Teacher 2001," 2001.

32 Theodore Sizer, Theodore Sizer, Horace's Compromise: The Dilemma of the American High Schools Horace's Compromise: The Dilemma of the American High Schools (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984). (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1984).

33 Tom Loveless, Tom Loveless, The 2006 Brown Center Report on American Education The 2006 Brown Center Report on American Education (Washington: Brookings Inst.i.tution, 2006), (Washington: Brookings Inst.i.tution, 2006), http://www.brookings.edu/press/books/2006browncenterreportonamericaneducation.htm . .

34 S. Farkas and J. Johnson, "Different Drummers: How Teachers of Teachers View Public Education," Public Agenda, 1997. S. Farkas and J. Johnson, "Different Drummers: How Teachers of Teachers View Public Education," Public Agenda, 1997.

35 On the basis of data for the 2003-2004 school year from 29 states reporting from September 1, 2004, 13 percent of schools nationwide have "needs improvement" status and 30.4 percent failed to make AYP. Calculated from data in Lynn Olson, "Data Shows Schools Making Progress on Federal Goals," On the basis of data for the 2003-2004 school year from 29 states reporting from September 1, 2004, 13 percent of schools nationwide have "needs improvement" status and 30.4 percent failed to make AYP. Calculated from data in Lynn Olson, "Data Shows Schools Making Progress on Federal Goals," Education Week Education Week 24, no. 2 (September 8, 2004): 1, 24-28; and in John E. Chubb, ed., 24, no. 2 (September 8, 2004): 1, 24-28; and in John E. Chubb, ed., Within Our Reach: How America Can Educate Every Child Within Our Reach: How America Can Educate Every Child (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), p. 1. (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), p. 1.

36 William Howell, "Switching Schools? A Closer Look at Parents' Initial Interest in and Knowledge about Choice Provisions of No Child Left Behind," William Howell, "Switching Schools? A Closer Look at Parents' Initial Interest in and Knowledge about Choice Provisions of No Child Left Behind," Peabody Journal of Education Peabody Journal of Education 81, no. 1 (2006): 140-79. 81, no. 1 (2006): 140-79.

37 Paul E. Peterson, "A Conflict of Interest: District Regulation of School Choice and Supplemental Services," in Paul E. Peterson, "A Conflict of Interest: District Regulation of School Choice and Supplemental Services," in Within Our Reach Within Our Reach, pp. 152-53.

38 Ibid., p. 152. Ibid., p. 152.

About the Author.

Herbert J. Walberg is a distinguished visiting fellow at Stanford University's Hoover Inst.i.tution and a project investigator at the Vanderbilt University Center of School Choice, Compet.i.tion, and Achievement. Awarded a Ph.D. by the University of Chicago, he taught at Harvard University and the University of Illinois at Chicago for 35 years. He has written and edited more than 55 books and has written roughly 350 articles on such topics as educational achievement, research methods, and exceptional human accomplishments. Among his latest books are the International Encyclopedia of Educational Evaluation, Education and Capitalism, International Encyclopedia of Educational Evaluation, Education and Capitalism, and and Psychology and Educational Practice Psychology and Educational Practice.

A fellow of five academic organizations including the American a.s.sociation for the Advancement of Science, the American Psychological a.s.sociation, and the Royal Statistical Society, Walberg is also a founding fellow of the International Academy of Education, headquartered in Brussels. He edits for the academy a booklet series on effective educational practices, which is distributed to education leaders in more than 120 countries and on the Internet. He is a trustee of the Foundation for Teaching Economics and chairs the boards of the Heartland Inst.i.tute and the Beck Foundation.

Walberg has given invited lectures to educators and policymakers in Australia, Belgium, China, England, France, Germany, Italy, Israel, j.a.pan, the Netherlands, South Africa, Sweden, Taiwan, Venezuela, and the United States. He has frequently testified before U.S. congressional committees, state legislators, and federal courts. He was a founding member and chaired the Design and a.n.a.lysis Committee of the National a.s.sessment Governing Board, the body that sets policy for the National a.s.sessment of Educational Progress, which is given the mission to measure the K-12 school achievement trends in the major school subjects. He currently serves on the presidentially appointed, Senate approved National Board for Education Sciences.

Cato Inst.i.tute Founded in 1977, the Cato Inst.i.tute is a public policy research foundation dedicated to broadening the parameters of policy debate to allow consideration of more options that are consistent with the traditional American principles of limited government, individual liberty, and peace. To that end, the Inst.i.tute strives to achieve greater involvement of the intelligent, concerned lay public in questions of policy and the proper role of government.

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