Exhibits change of to _d_ which is a Sco. characteristic, but does not often take place in Norse words. See, too, Cu.

_stiddy, steady_.

SUMPH, _sb._ a blunt fellow. Burns, 98, 1. Norse _sump_, a bungler, a simpleton, _sumpa_, vb. to entangle, put into disorder, _sump_, a disordered ma.s.s. Cu. _sumph_. M.L.G. _sump_, and Dan. _sump_ do not seem to be quite the same.

SWARF, _vb._ originally to turn, then to overturn, fall over, fall.

Burns, 211, 87, 4. O.N. _svarfa_, to turn aside, to be turned upside down, Sw. _swarfve_, Norse _svarva_, turn, swing about, Dan. _svarve_ or _svarre_. Eng. _swerve_ does not quite correspond. O.E. _sweorfan_ meant "to file, polish," O.S.

_swerban_, to wipe off, polish, O.F. _swerva_, to creep.

SWAGE, SWEY, _vb._ sway, waver, also turn, make turn. Sat. P., 5, 8; Douglas, II, 104, 12. O.N. _svaeigja_, to bend, to sway, Dan.

_sveie_, Sw. dial. _svaiga_, Norse _sveigja_.

SYTE, _sb._ grief, suffering. Lyndsay, 273, 333. Montg., M.P., V, 14. O.N. _sta_, to wail, _sting_, sb., _sut_, grief, affliction, Norse _sut_, care, _syta_, to care. Skeat cites _sut_ (in list) which would exactly correspond to the O.N. sb.

Brate accepts an O.N. sb. _syt_.

TAIT, _adj._ foul. Montg., F., 755. O.N. _ta_. The change of __ to _t_ is unusual. See Wall.

TANGLE, _sb._ seaweed, stalk of a seaweed. Dalr., I, 62, 1; Burns, 91, 2, 2. O.N. _ongul_, tangle, seaweed. Cp. _onglabakki_, Tangle-hill, name of a place in Iceland. In Norse _tangel_ same as Eng. _tangle_, _entangle_.

TANGLING, _pr. p._, _adj._ clinging, intertwining. Burns, 60, 3, tangling roots, clinging together in tangles. See _tangle_.

TARN, _sb._ a small lake. Jamieson. O.N. _tjorn_, a small lake, Norse _tjonn_, _tjorn_, Sw. _tjarn_, M.E. _terne_, a lake.

Particularly Sco. and N.W. Eng. Cp. Shetland _shon_, _shoden_, a pool, a little lake. The last example exhibits W.Norse change of _rn_ to _dn_. The form _tjodn_ occurs in Sogn, Norway.

TATH, _sb._ Jamieson. O.N. _ta_. See Wall.

TEAL, TILL, _vb._ to entice. Wallace, VI, 151, and Jamieson. O.N.

_taela_, to entice, related to Norse _telja_. Sco. _tealer_, _sb._ Jamieson. The form in _i_ is strange.

TEYND, TEIND, _sb_, t.i.the. C.S., 123; Lyndsay, 152, 4690; Rolland, I, 546. O.N. _tiund_, the tenth, the t.i.the, Norse _tiende_, Dan. _tiende_, the regular ordinal of _ti_.

THA, _dem. p.r.o.n._ these, those. Same form in all cases. Wallace, X, 41; Wyntoun, I, 1, 6. O.N. _eir_.

THECK, _vb._ to thatch. Ramsay, II, 224. Has been taken as a loan- word from O.N. _ekja_, to thatch, Norse _tekka_, Sw. _tacka_.

Cp. O.E. _eccan. Theck_ probably comes from O. Nhb. _ecca._

THIR, _dem. p.r.o.n._ these, those. Bruce, I, 76; Dunbar, G.T., 127; Lyndsay, 4, 20, 1175; R.R., 108. O.N. _eir._ Cp. M.E. _ir_, _er_, those, Cu. _thur_.

THRA, _adj._ eager. Bruce, XVIII, 71. O.N. _rar_, obstinate, persistent, Norse _traa_, untiring, also wilful, Sw. dial.

_tr_, M.E. _ra_, bold, strong, _thraly_, adv. Wyntoun, II, 8, 55; VII, 8, 186. See Wall. Skeat cites Eng. dial. _thro_.

THRA, _adv._ boldly. Dunbar, T.M.W., 195. See above, _thra_.

TRAIF, _sb._ two stooks or twenty-four sheaves of grain. Dunbar, 228. O.N. _refi_, a number of sheaves, Dan. _trave_, Sw.

_trafwe_, twenty sheaves of grain, M.E. _rave_, a bundle, a number, Cu. _threve_, _threeav_.

THREAVE, _sb._ a crowd, a large number. Ramsay, II, 463. The same word as _thraif_, q.v.

THRIST, _vb._ to thrust, push, also means to clasp. Bruce, XIII, 156; R.R. 12, 9; Rolland, IV, 590. O.N. _rsta_, to thrust, force, Norse _trysta_, to press together, M.E. _risten, r?stan._ Lyndsay also uses the word in the sense of "to pierce."

THWAITE, _sb._ originally a small piece of cleared land on which ahouse was built, a cottage with its paddock. O.N. _vaeit_, O. Ic. _veit_. Northwest England _thwaite_, Norse _tveit_, _tvaeit_, Dan. _tved_. Occurs in a number of place-names in S. Scotland, especially in Dumfriesshire. Its form is Norse not Dan. _Thweet_ or _thwet_ would correspond to the Dan.

word, but see also Part III, 1.

t.i.t, TYT, adv. soon, quickly. Bruce, II, 4; IV, 289. O.N. _t.i.tt_, adv. frequently, in quick succession, "hoggva hart ok t.i.tt."

The Sco. word comes from this O.N. form, which is simply the neuter inflected form of _tir_, adj. meaning "customary, familiar." The comparative _t.i.tter_ often means "rather" in Sco., like Eng. _sooner_. Cp. Cu. "I'd as t.i.te deat as nut,"

"I'd as lief do it as not."

t.i.tHAND, t.i.tAND, _sb._ news, tidings. Bruce, IV, 468; Lyndsay, 341, 720. O.N. _tiindi_, news, Norse _tidende_, id., Dan.

_tidende_, Orm. _tiennde._ Of O.E. _tidung_ > _tidings_ Bosworth says: "the use of the word, even if its form be not borrowed from Scand., seems to have Scand. influence."

t.i.tLENE, _sb._ the hedge sparrow. C.S., 38. O.N. _t.i.tlingr_, a t.i.t, a sparrow.

TOYM, TUME, _sb._ leisure. Bruce, V, 64, 2, XVII, 735. O.N. _tom_, leisure (Skeat).

TRAIST, _vb._ to trust. Bruce, I, 125; XVII, 273; Rolland, I, 27.

_Trast_, _adj._ secure, _traist_, _sb._ confidence. Lindsay, 229, 195. _Traisting_, _sb._ confidence, reliance, L.L., 25.

Cp. O.N. _troysta_, _adj._ _traustr_, and Eng. _trust_, M.E.

_trusten_. I do not at present understand the relation between the forms in _e_, and these in _u_ and _ou_.

TRIG, _adj._ trim, neat, handsome. M.W., 159, 26. O.N. _tryggr_, true, trusty, unconcerned, _trygging_, security, O. Dan.

_trygd_, _trugd_, confidence (Schlyter), Norse _trygg_, secure, unconcerned, confident, _tryggja_, to consider secure, _tryggja sek_, feel secure, Dan. _tryg_, fearless, confident.

Cp. Cu. _trig_, tight, well-fitted, "trig as an apple." The M.E. _trig_ means faithful, see B-S. Ramsay, II, 526, uses the adv. _trigly_ in the sense of "proudly."

TWIST, _sb._ twig, branch. Bruce, VII, 188; Montg., C. and S., Irving, 468. O.N. _kvistr_, a twig, O. Dan., _quist_, Norse, Dan. _kvist_, Sw. _quist_, id. For the change of _kv_ (_kw_) to _tw_ cp. Norse, Dan. _kviddre_, Sw. _quittra_, Du.

_kwittern_ with Eng. _twitter_, and _kj_ to _tj_ in W.Norse.

A regular change.

TYNE, _vb._ lose, impair, destroy. C.S., 3; Wyntoun, IX, 21, 14; R.R. 779. O.N. _tna_, to lose, destroy, Norse _tyna_, to lose, sometimes impair, Sw. dial. _tyna_, to destroy.

TYNSELL, TYNSALE, _sb._ loss. Bruce, V, 450, XIX, 449; R.R., 505. In Wyntoun, IX, 3, 25, it means "delay, loss of time," frequently means "loss of life, slaughter." M.E. _tinsel_, loss, ruin, probably a Sco. formation from _tyne_, to lose, similarly in Norse _tynsell_, loss (not frequent), from _tyna_.

TYNSALE, _vb._ to lose, suffer loss. Bruce, XIX, 693. See the sb.

TYTT, _adj._ firm, tight. Wallace, VII, 21, 2. O.N. _ittr_, tight, close, Norse, _tett_ or _t.i.tt_, Dan. _taet_, Sw. _tat_, close together, tight, Eng. dial. _theet_. The long vowel in _theet_ is unusual.

UG, _vb._ to dislike, abhor. Winyet, II, 31, 32; Scott, 71, 119.

O.N. _ugga_, abhor, Norse _ugga_, see B-S.

UGSUM, _adj._ fearful. Sat. P., 3, 135. See _ug_. _Ougsum_, Howlate, I, 8, means "ugly."

UNDERLIE, _adj._ wonderful. Gau, 29, 24. Dan. _underlig_, Norse, _underleg_, O.N. _underlegr_, wonderful, shows Scand. loss of _w_ before _u_. The O.E. word is _wundorlic_, cp. Scand.

_ulf_, Eng. _wolf_. The word is Dan. in Gau.

UNFLECKIT, _adj._ unstained. Psalms, XXIV, 4. See _fleckerit_.

UNGANAND (gen.), _adj._ unfit, unprepared. Douglas, II, 48, 16.

See _ganand_.