Central propositions of the Social Contract--

1. Origin of society in compact 154 Different conception held by the Physiocrats 156

2. Sovereignty of the body thus const.i.tuted 158 Difference from Hobbes and Locke 159 The root of socialism 160 Republican phraseology 161

3. Attributes of sovereignty 162

4. The law-making power 163 A contemporary ill.u.s.tration 164 Hints of confederation 166

5. Forms of government 168 Criticism on the common division 169 Rousseau's preference for elective aristocracy 172

6. Att.i.tude of the state to religion 173 Rousseau's view, the climax of a reaction 176 Its effect at the French Revolution 179 Its futility 180

Another method of approaching the philosophy of government--

Origin of society not a compact 183

The true reason of the submission of a minority to a majority 184

Rousseau fails to touch actual problems 186

The doctrine of resistance, for instance 188

Historical ill.u.s.trations 190

Historical effect of the Social Contract in France and Germany 193

Socialist deductions from it 194

CHAPTER IV.

EMILIUS.

Rousseau touched by the enthusiasm of his time 197

Contemporary excitement as to education, part of the revival of naturalism 199

I.--Locke, on education 202 Difference between him and Rousseau 204 Exhortations to mothers 205 Importance of infantile habits 208 Rousseau's protest against reasoning with children 209 Criticised 209 The opposite theory 210 The idea of property 212 Artificially contrived incidents 214 Rousseau's omission of the principle of authority 215 Connected with his neglect of the faculty of sympathy 219

II.--Rousseau's ideal of living 221 The training that follows from it 222 The duty of knowing a craft 223 Social conception involved in this moral conception 226

III.--Three aims before the instructor 229 Rousseau's omission of training for the social conscience 230 No contemplation of society as a whole 232 Personal interest, the foundation of the morality of Emilius 233 The sphere and definition of the social conscience 235

IV.--The study of history 237 Rousseau's notions upon the subject 239

V.--Ideals of life for women 241 Rousseau's repudiation of his own principles 242 His oriental and obscurantist position 243 Arising from his want of faith in improvement 244 His reactionary tendencies in this region eventually neutralised 248

VI.--Sum of the merits of Emilius 249 Its influence in France and Germany 251 In England 252

CHAPTER V.

THE SAVOYARD VICAR.

Shallow hopes entertained by the dogmatic atheists 256

The good side of the religious reaction 258

Its preservation of some parts of Christian influence 259

Earlier forms of deism 260

The deism of the Savoyard Vicar 264

The elevation of man, as well as the restoration of a divinity 265

A divinity for fair weather 268

Religious self-denial 269

The Savoyard Vicar's vital omission 270

His position towards Christianity 272

Its effectiveness as a solvent 273

Weakness of the subjective test 276

The Savoyard Vicar's deism not compatible with growing intellectual conviction 276

The true satisfaction of the religious emotion 277

CHAPTER VI.

ENGLAND.

Rousseau's English portrait 281

His reception in Paris 282

And in London 283

Hume's account of him 284

Settlement at Wootton 286