"would, if executed": Ibid., p. 381.

"The investigations of": Ibid., p. 394.

"The task of criticism": Ibid., p. 310.

"admirably executed": Ibid., pp. 120, 199, 219.

"Mr. Ellet's is": Ibid., p. 219.

even today his data: Hunter Rouse and Simon Ince, History of Hydraulics History of Hydraulics, pp. 177-79.

"groundless": Report of the Joint Committee on Levees Report of the Joint Committee on Levees, Louisiana State Legislature, 1850, Louisiana State Museum, History Division, New Orleans.

"It has been demonstrated": P&H demonstrated": P&H, p. 417.

CHAPTER F FOUR.

"far more onerous": AAH to Senator Henry Wilson, January 26, 1869, AAHP.

"be relieved from duty": AAH to Secretary of War John Schofield, March 9, 1869, and March 13, 1869, AAHP.

He sought to have: See AAH to Secretary of War, November 2, 1876, AAHP.

Humphreys relieved: For more on this incident, see Arthur Frazier, "Daniel Farrand Henry's Cup Type 'Telegraphic' River Current Meter," pp. 541-565.

"It may be properly": Missouri Republican Missouri Republican, June 25, 1854.

Chicagoans charged: Wyatt Belcher, The Economic Rivalry Between St. Louis and Chicago The Economic Rivalry Between St. Louis and Chicago, 1850-1880, p. 23.

But as a result: A famous lawsuit funded by St. Louis steamboat interests sought the destruction of the bridge, which would have choked railroad and western development. Abraham Lincoln argued for the railroads and won a hung jury; the bridge stayed and others were built.

twenty-two Chicago firms: Belcher, p. 157.

His experience with: Howard Miller and Quinta Scott in The Eads Bridge The Eads Bridge suggest that Eads was simply lucky in his choice of steel, and in the development of chromium steel. More likely he knew the metal fairly well, chiefly from his European travels, a probable visit to the Krupp works, and artillery experience. See also John Kouwenhoven, "The Designing of the Eads Bridge," pa.s.sim. suggest that Eads was simply lucky in his choice of steel, and in the development of chromium steel. More likely he knew the metal fairly well, chiefly from his European travels, a probable visit to the Krupp works, and artillery experience. See also John Kouwenhoven, "The Designing of the Eads Bridge," pa.s.sim.

"impossible...": Dorsey, p. 96.

roughly one out of every: McCullough, The Great Bridge The Great Bridge, p. 390.

"I cannot consent": Calvin Woodward, History of the St. Louis Bridge History of the St. Louis Bridge, pp. 15-16.

"unqualified disapproval": Dorsey, p. 105.

"It is absolutely certain": Elmer Corth.e.l.l, "Remarks to the Western Society of Engineers, June 4, 1890, Missouri Historical Society.

"Anyone who can": Miller and Scott, pp. 78-85.

He charmed: Frederick Finley, letter to editor, St. Louis Globe-Democrat St. Louis Globe-Democrat, July 9, 1950; Gies, pp. 165-166.

"have constant control": How, p. 15.

"about our confidential": Kouwenhoven, "The Designing of the Eads Bridge," p. 535.

"The very machinery": Dorsey, p. 130.

a product he helped develop: John Kouwenhoven, "James Buchanan Eads," p. 86.

"It is necessary": Walter Lowrey, "Navigational Problems at the Mouth of the Mississippi River, 1689-1880," Ph.D. diss., p. 203.

"The solution of this problem": NYT NYT, May 15, 1873.

"We must get ready": AAH to Cyrus Comstock, March 2, 1873, Comstock Papers, LC.

"a bitter and unrelenting": Corth.e.l.l, "Remarks."

"the river interests": Calvin Woodward, p. 265.

"as many hours hours": Ibid.

"If a thousand": Ibid.

"The Board": Ibid., p. 270.

a secret agreement: See memo in Eads' handwriting dated July 1, 1874, in EP.

received Eads warmly: For an account of this meeting, see William Taussig, "Personal Recollections of General Grant," Missouri Historical Society Publications Missouri Historical Society Publications 2 (1903), pp. 1-13; also Dorsey, p. 152; Calvin Woodward, pp. 262-286. 2 (1903), pp. 1-13; also Dorsey, p. 152; Calvin Woodward, pp. 262-286.

"badly designed": Woodward, p. 270.

"[One] of those": Kirby and Laurson, p. 162.

"soul became immersed": Carl Condit, "Sullivan's Skysc.r.a.pers as the Expression of Nineteenth Century Technology," pp. 78-93.

CHAPTER F FIVE.

"Whatever the Delta": Robert Brandfon, The Cotton Kingdom of the New South The Cotton Kingdom of the New South (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967), pp. 24-29. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967), pp. 24-29.

"On the second": U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, pp. 266-271.

"If we make": Quoted in Benjamin G. Humphreys, Floods and Levees on the Mississippi River Floods and Levees on the Mississippi River, p. 39.

"exhaustively treated": Letter from Secretary of War, 43rd Cong., 1st sess., House Doc Doc. 220, p. 109.

"my death blow": Lowrey, "Navigational Problems at the Mouth of the Mississippi River, 1698-1880," Ph.D. diss., p. 376.

"The ca.n.a.l is": AAH letter, January 15, 1874, quoted in Corth.e.l.l, A History of the Jetties at the Mouth of the Mississippi A History of the Jetties at the Mouth of the Mississippi, p. 34.

"mud lumps": Lowrey, "Navigational Problems," p. 11.

"ma.s.ses of tough clay": P&H P&H, p. 442.

"If a fleet": De Bow's Review De Bow's Review 18 (April 1855), p. 512. 18 (April 1855), p. 512.

"only a scattering": Capt. Fuller to Col. Stephen Long, January 24, 1859, NA, RG 77.

"a foolish attempt": Lowrey, "Navigational Problems," p. 201.

"improvement of": Dorsey, p. 91.

"The West is": Lowrey, "Navigational Problems," p. 289.

"I am well satisfied": McAlester to Payne, October 10, 1868, quoted in ibid., p. 276.

"It is idle": New Orleans Picayune New Orleans Picayune, March 6, 1869.

"[T]he Essayons": Lowrey, "Navigational Problems," p. 313.

"This is a tissue": Ibid.

"told me yesterday": Higby to Capt. Charles Howell, quoted in ibid., p. 313.

"to run us down": Howell to AAH, July 20, 1871, NA, RG 77.

"Its construction": Lowrey, "Navigational Problems," p. 303.

"are not in condition": New Orleans Daily Times New Orleans Daily Times, February 14, 1874.

"Can it be possible": New Orleans Picayune New Orleans Picayune, February 8, 1874.

"Never was an honest": New Orleans Daily Times New Orleans Daily Times, February 15, 1874; New Orleans Picayune New Orleans Picayune, February 15, 1874.

"In talking over": Corth.e.l.l, "Remarks."

Stone's reversal: Lowrey, "Navigational Problems," p. 378.

"Socially Mr. Eads": New Orleans Times-Democrat New Orleans Times-Democrat, March 18, 1887.

He also bought: See memorandum of understanding in Eads handwriting dated July 1, 1874; letter from James Wilson to JBE, July 6, 1876; memo by JBE, July 22, 1876, all in EP. The late John Kouwenhoven collected this and a vast store of additional material on Eads; thanks to John Brown of the University of Virginia for sharing it with me.

single most vital issue: Lowrey, "Navigational Problems," p. 391.

"I need not say": Barnard to Comstock, April 14, 18, 22, and July 5, 1874, Comstock Papers, LC.

West Point had been using: See a superb article by Martin Reuss, "Politics and Technology in the Army Corps of Engineers," Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 26, no. 1 (January 1985). 26, no. 1 (January 1985).

members of the American Society: Corth.e.l.l, A History of the Jetties A History of the Jetties, p. 239.

"Every attempt": Congressional Record Congressional Record, 43rd Cong., 1st sess., pp. 5367-5368.

"Thirty-seven years": Quoted in Corth.e.l.l, A History of the Jetties A History of the Jetties, p. 21.

"the real bed": Ibid., p. 98.

"The annual advance": Ibid., p. 21.

"absurd": JBE to S. A. Hurlbut, U.S. House, May 29, 1874, attacking Humphreys' report, in Eads, ALP ALP, p. 153.

"We have laid": Dorsey, p. 173.

"Disasters and": Eads, ALP ALP, p. 153.

he now claimed: Dorsey, p. 176.

The board estimated: Wright to AAH, November 30, 1874, House Exec. Doc. 25, 43rd Cong., 1st sess., pp. 1-2; and Report, Board of 1874, 43rd Cong., 1st sess., January 13, 1875, Exec. Doc. 114, quoted in Lowrey, "Navigational Problems, p. 404.

"The accompanying discussion": R. E. McMath to AAH, May 7, 1874, NA, RG 77.

"If the profession": JBE, address at a banquet in his honor at St. Louis, March 23, 1875, EP.

"undertake the work": Ibid.

CHAPTER S SIX.

"The alluvial regions": See Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1875 Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1875, pp. 540-550, esp. p. 542.

"By such correction": Quoted in Corth.e.l.l, A History of the Jetties A History of the Jetties, pp. 28-34.

Creoles: In New Orleans, a "Creole" was a descendant of French or Spanish settlers.

"Captain Eads has fought": Quoted in New Orleans Picayune New Orleans Picayune, May 12, 1875.