Alcohol, however, is not the only substance that acts thus insidiously. I was once asked to treat a painter who was suffering from intense tired feelings in his right forearm. They were always worse on rainy days, and he had been treated for rheumatism without avail. He had no signs at all of wrist-drop, there were no suspicious signs on his gums and he had never suffered from constipation or anything like lead colic. It seemed far-fetched, then, to say that his muscles were fatigued mainly because of the irritating presence of lead in the nerves supplying his right forearm. He slipped on the ice, however, and sprained his wrist, and the next day turned up with a typical lead wrist-drop. This fact of having lead poison develop shortly after an accident is not unusual, just as a sprained ankle may sometimes be the signal for an outbreak of alcoholic neuritis in the lower leg which has been preparing for some time, the accident itself being at least partially accounted for in many cases by the awkwardness of muscles with disturbed nerve supply.

_Leg Occupation Pains_.--What is true of the arm is also true of the leg. If a man uses his leg muscles very much and especially at any mechanical disadvantage, he usually suffers painful discomfort that is always worse on rainy days. Before the invention of the electric dental engine, dentists used to suffer from this and the profession talked about the "dentist's limp." This was also more painful in damp weather and many of them were treated for rheumatic conditions, though it was really only over-fatigue.

Neurosis and Neuritis.--There are many cases of painful conditions in the limbs where it becomes difficult to diagnose between a neurosis and a neuritis. The usual differential characteristic of tender points along the course of the {399} nerve cannot be used in many patients with confidence, because they are p.r.o.ne constantly to respond to the question "is that tender" in the affirmative. Besides in a neurosis there always seems to be a hypersensitiveness of the nerves involved that may simulate the tenderness of neuritis. In a number of obscure cases I have felt that the condition was a real neuritis when the development of a corresponding condition on the other side, or relief on one side followed by development on the other, has led to the diagnosis of neurosis. Of course, a double neuritis may well occur in the same nerve on both sides of the body under certain toxic conditions. Double sciatica nearly always indicates glycosuria.

Diabetes may cause double neuritis in any other much used pair of nerves. Alcoholic neuritis may manifest itself on both sides.

Ordinarily, however, the transference of symptoms or their spread to the other side of the body means a neurotic condition.

In some of these cases where it has been difficult to distinguish between neuritis and neurosis, a change of occupation or some strong diversion of mind for a considerable period or a change of residence has proved the beginning of a cure. I have seen what was considered by experienced physicians to be a chronic low-grade neuritis of quite intractable form clear up completely as the result of the young woman being compelled to take up a wage-earning occupation, when it had always seemed before as though life was going to be smooth and there was no necessity for her to labor. I know of cases of so-called neuritis that had been very obstinate to treatment that were cured by Eddyite treatment. What really happened in these cases was that a group of muscles used considerably more than usual had produced a painful tired condition referred to a particular nerve. Just as soon as the mind's inhibitory action was taken off them by the persuasion that there was nothing the matter with them the patient proceeded to get well, gradually progressive use bringing back the normal trophic condition.

Discomforts of Bursae.--In any consideration of painful conditions in and around joints, especially in connection with occupations, the question of the formation and of the inflammation of bursae must be insisted upon because many of these inflammatory incidents are confused with joint affections and not infrequently treated as if they were due to const.i.tutional disturbance. Practically everybody is familiar with housemaid's knee. Most people know that bunions are inflammations of the bursae which form over the metacarpo-phalangeal joint of the big toe whenever there is pressure and irritation of it.

Very few realize, however, that frequently repeated irritations, when pressure is exerted over other joints and bony projections, will produce a bursa, and then, if the irritation continues and an opportunity for infection occurs, there is bursitis. Some of these are mistaken for other conditions and often have been thought by the patient to be serious developments of one kind or another with regard to which there has been much solicitude. An interesting case of this kind in my experience was that of an Italian organ-grinder who suffered from the occupation bursa which so often forms over the anterior superior spine of the ilium because of the frequently repeated rubbing of the hand and arm as it pa.s.ses this region while turning the handle of his instrument. It had finally become inflamed, and the Italian was much disturbed and he feared that it was appendicitis.

Other bursae are not commonly seen in America. I have seen bursae over {400} the elbows of miners, and in one case saw one of these inflamed so that miner's elbow became a concrete ent.i.ty. This case had been taken for an acute inflammatory arthritis with the suspicion of tuberculosis.

CHAPTER V

PAINFUL ARM AND TRUNK CONDITIONS

Cervical Ribs.--Some interesting cases with painful conditions of the arms develop as a consequence of the presence of cervical ribs. It would be more or less naturally expected that trouble of this kind would occur early in life, but, as a matter of fact, many of the patients are well on toward thirty or even beyond middle life when the painful symptoms develop. Cases are practically always at the beginning diagnosed as rheumatism because the first symptom is likely to be pain followed by weakness. Even when this quite fruitless diagnosis is not made, the affection is often declared to be rheumatic neuritis, though it is really a traumatic neuritis and entirely a local condition, as are so many of the painful conditions spoken of as rheumatism. Usually the pain is referred to the inside of the arm and is described as resembling slight toothache at first and even severe toothache after a time. It will often be many months or even several years after the first symptoms before wasting of muscles occurs, but this practically always follows after a time and even at this stage some physicians still talk of rheumatic neuritis as affecting the trophic nerve fibers and causing the muscles to waste. Almost a differential diagnostic sign in the case of cervical ribs is that raising the arms above the head nearly always relieves the pain.

Patients usually learn this for themselves because they have been tempted to place their arms in many positions in order to get relief.

The reason for it is easy to understand as the elevation of the arms changes the relative position of tissues in the neck and so relieves pressure.

The direct reason for the late development of the disease is probably the ossification of the cervical rib and the pressure of this hard, bony substance upon the roots of the brachial plexus. When the disease occurs as early as the age of 30 there is likely, for some reason, to have been a preceding loss of weight. Patients are run down and then, either because there is a precocious calcification as a consequence of deterioration of tissue, or because the loss of substance in the muscles in the neighborhood makes the nerves more likely to be pressed upon, the first symptoms develop. There is only one way definitely to decide the diagnosis. That is to have a careful skiagraph, or, in case of negative results, several of them taken, in order to determine the presence or absence of cervical ribs. Not all the cases of cervical ribs give symptoms and in one recently published series of 26 cases just one-half presented symptoms and the other half did not, but all these vague cases of pain in the arm, especially if any tendency to atrophy manifests itself, should be examined from this standpoint.

_Local Conditions_.--The subjective symptoms in these cases often include {401} much more than pain. There may be numbness and the hands often feel cold, though they do not become blue. As a rule, indeed, the arms are more affected than the hands, though not infrequently one of the hands becomes more sensitive to injuries than the other and, as a rule, both hands do not heal well after injury. Even scratches take a long time to heal and slight abrasions cause skin lesions that are more or less indolent for some time before healing. Any fresh injury, even of slight degree, puts back healing much more than would ordinarily be the case. In fact, most of the so-called tendency not to heal is local rather than const.i.tutional. When a patient complains that though his or her tissues used to heal rapidly now they are very slow to heal, it is well to think of nephritis or diabetes but it is especially important to know the local conditions.

Pleural Adhesions.--Another interesting cause of pains in the arms is the possible contraction of adhesions of the pleura and surrounding tissues at the apices of the lungs and the spreading by continuity of a low-grade inflammation even to the lower roots of the brachial plexus. A certain number of cases of this kind have been reported in which there seems to be no doubt of the diagnosis. In these, the early symptoms were pains or aches in the arm followed by some weakness of muscles and even some trophic disturbances. Ordinarily the condition has been very acute as, for instance, a pneumonia when the first symptoms were noticed. In the course of the exudation and the contraction of the inflammatory exudate the brachial plexus is interfered with. This, like the cases referred to the presence of a cervical rib, emphasizes the necessity for thoroughly studying local conditions in order to understand the meaning of painful conditions in the arms. It is easy to say the word rheumatism, while it requires time and careful investigation to find the real pathological factor at work; but the difference in the value of the two diagnoses for both patient and physician can be readily understood.

Other Conditions.--Besides these, there are the various conditions discussed in other chapters of this section--old injuries, breaks and dislocations, so-called sprains with laceration of tissues, and any serious pathological condition that has affected the tissues deeply.

An old periost.i.tis, for instance, will leave an arm rather easily liable to the development of various painful conditions. Of course, a tuberculous process anywhere in the arm will produce a like effect. An arm that has had a lead neuritis will often be uncomfortable in rainy weather for long after and a crutch palsy may, in the same way, leave the arm sensitive. The musculo-spiral palsies that occur from lying on the arm when drunk, or that are seen sometimes in coachmen who wrap the reins around their arms--a Russian custom--or the nerve conditions seen in patients who have suffered from an anesthetic nerve-pressure disturbance, may all be at the bottom of subsequent painful conditions, worse in rainy weather. The only sure rule is to individualize the cases and make an exact diagnosis. The etiology will probably suggest itself if the history is carefully taken.

In these cases the most important treatment is to disabuse the patient's mind of the idea that there is rheumatism, or any other const.i.tutional ailment present, and to make him realize that the trouble is entirely local. After this, the strengthening of the affected muscles must, as far as possible, be secured by local measures and exercises.

{402}

CHAPTER VI

LUMBAGO AND SCIATICA

Any affection involving discomfort, pain, ache, or disability of the large muscles in the lumbar regions is likely to be called lumbago, not only by patients but by physicians. Any condition that makes it painful to use the upper part of the lower limb and especially the group of large posterior leg muscles just below the nates is called sciatica. These are commonly supposed to be typical "chronic rheumatisms." Anything in this region that is the source of discomfort on rainy days and comes especially to the working man who has been exposed to the elements, or that follows a wetting or the wearing of damp clothes, is confidently cla.s.sified as a chronic rheumatic condition. Almost needless to say any such conclusion as to the heterogeneous groups of symptoms that occur in these regions, far from adding to our knowledge, rather confuses the situation. There is an a.s.sumption that we know something about them when we call these conditions either lumbago or sciatica, but unless each individual case is carefully investigated and its conditions studied so as to get at their true etiology, it is almost impossible to treat them successfully. While the general pract.i.tioner of medicine of the regular school often fails in his treatment of them, these affections are among the most fruitful sources of revenue for the irregular pract.i.tioners.

It was particularly for pains and aches in the back that St. John Long's liniment proved so efficacious about a century ago. So-called lumbago and sciatica patients were among the most frequent callers on Perkins in the days of the famous tractors and many of them received great relief. In our own time these const.i.tute a cla.s.s of patients who go from physician to physician and who finally are cured or relieved by some irregular practice which we know contains nothing especially remedial, but the advocates of which somehow succeed in persuading these patients that they must be better than before. Most old people have some aches and pains in either the lumbar muscles or the large muscles at the back of the thigh. Many of them are relieved by ma.s.sage, but still more of them find relief in the rubbings and manipulations of the osteopaths, and they are great advertisers of the relief that has been afforded them and they have helped much in securing such state recognition as has come to the systems they thought curative in their cases. Eddyism has been helpful to a certain number of them. Fads of various kinds catch still others. Evidently these intractable cases deserve to be studied from the standpoint of what mental influence can do for them.

Conditions Mistaken for Sciatica or Lumbago.--Needless to say, a large number of conditions occur which may be called sciatica or lumbago, but which are due to the most varied causes. An affection of any of the joints in this neighborhood will produce pain to which is often added tenderness and occasionally swelling, and nearly always disability. Disease of the lower part of the lumbar spine due to tuberculosis is often in its earlier stages called lumbago. Indeed, without careful investigation showing that there is a special point of tenderness, some irregular fever and that the muscles are in spasm {403} to protect the underlying joints from use, it is difficult to decide just what is the affection in a particular case. I have seen three physicians diagnose a one-sided tenderness and pain in muscles with disability as lumbago, when the course of the disease proved that it was tuberculosis of the sacro-iliac joint. Any of the bones or joints in this neighborhood may give rise to pain, tenderness and spasm of muscles and it is important not to make the facile diagnosis of lumbago, unless careful investigation has eliminated all underlying organic conditions.

There are other conditions not infrequently mistaken for lumbago or sciatica which are interesting. Needless to say unless they are definitely recognized there will be no relief afforded for any discomfort of a permanent character, though the coal-tar products will give temporary surcease of pain. Occasionally internal hemorrhoids produce an achy discomfort in the lower part of the back that is described as lumbago, and unless the physician is careful to investigate he may tentatively accept that diagnosis. Proper regulation of the bowels and the use of gluten suppositories will often practically cure the condition, though there will be relapses whenever constipation returns. Chronic posterior urethritis sometimes simulates painful conditions very low down in the back or in one hip or the other. Usually in that case there is a chronic inflammatory condition in the seminal vesicle on the side to which the symptoms are referred. Occasionally over-distention of the seminal vesicles, as seen in widowers who have been accustomed for many years to regular evacuation of them, may cause so much pain and disability in the region of the hip on one side as to be mistaken first for lumbago and then even for tuberculous hip joint disease. Artificial emptying of the seminal vesicle by milking through the r.e.c.t.u.m will usually afford relief. In all of these cases as soon as the exact diagnosis is made, the patient's mind is relieved of a serious burden of anxiety and it is usually not difficult to bring a great measure of relief.

_Old Injuries and Discomfort_.--Many of the painful conditions described as lumbago are due to old injuries, to wrenches and sprains in this region due especially to heavy lifting and to the laceration of ligaments from over-exertion.

_Typhoid Spine_.--Protracted cases of typhoid are sometimes followed by pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, developing usually after a slight jar or shock, sometimes after a fall or even following a severe injury, which are really the result of the physical condition of the patient. Stiffness, aching discomfort on movement and sometimes tenderness on pressure are present. Often there are a.s.sociated neurotic symptoms of various kinds. This used very commonly to be considered rheumatism and occasionally one still sees cases so labeled. On the other hand, much more serious conditions, as Pott's disease, abscess of the liver, or some form of spondylitis, may be suspected. Absence of temperature is almost the rule and usually is the pathognomic differential against these. The whole condition is usually a neurosis though there may be some perispondylitis. The treatment is to increase the patient's nutrition, which has usually suffered to a marked degree, and get the mind off the condition in the back. Concentration of attention on it will make it very uncomfortable, so that even heavy doses of opiates will scarcely relieve the discomfort, and this emphasis of attention will further disturb the mind and develop neurotic {404} symptoms. Diversion of attention, gentle movements, plenty of air, and regulation of the functions of the body will bring about a cure.

Stooping Occupations.--Occupations are especially important in lumbago and people who have to stoop much, above all those who do hard work in a stooping position--lifting, pushing, sawing, planing, and the like--are particularly p.r.o.ne to suffer. Miners working where the height of the vein does not permit them to stand up are commonly subject to it. Any one who has to a.s.sume, or has the habit of a.s.suming, a stooping posture for long hours may suffer from lumbago.

Constrained position predisposes more than hard work. Tailors, though in a sedentary occupation, often suffer from it.

SCIATICA

Etiology.--What has been said of lumbago applies to a great extent also to sciatica. There are a number of different affections which have come to be grouped under the term sciatica. Here, much more frequently than in the lumbar region, the cause of the pain is a true neuritis. This may be of many forms. Occasionally it is syphilitic in origin; whenever the sciatica is double it commonly develops on a basis of diabetes, while in many cases it is of an infectious nature.

There is no special reason to think that there is a rheumatic infection of the nerve, though inasmuch as rheumatic arthritis is probably due to infections by many different kinds of microbes, it may well be that some of these play a role in sciatica. There is no good reason, however, why the word rheumatism or the term chronic rheumatism should be applied either to lumbago or to sciatica.

Certainly there is no reason in any definitely known etiology of the affections. Each individual case must be studied carefully. Always these are local and not const.i.tutional conditions, and usually something in the patient's occupation, or in his habits of life, helps us to understand the development of sciatica or lumbago and gives the most valuable hints for treatment.

Men who shovel much and who bend one knee as they stoop in shoveling will often suffer, though more frequently in the leg which they do not bend than in the other. The same thing is true for men who use one foot to run a lathe or a small printing press, or anything of that kind. They must be taught to alternate in the use of their limbs.

_Pressure_.--Occasionally direct pressure upon the nerve is the cause of the disturbance. I once was asked to see in consultation an elderly lady who had complained very much, first of discomfort and then numbness in her legs, until finally she lost all power in them below the knees. The affection was considered to be some sort of creeping paralysis. I found that her favorite chair, an old-fashioned cushioned easy chair, allowed her to sink down so that the edge of the wood seat frame pressed upon her just where the sciatic nerve comes closest to the surface. As soon as the habit of sitting on this chair was changed her numbness and inability to use her limbs began to disappear.

_Alcoholic Neuritis_.--In both lumbago and sciatica one underlying factor is often present. This is the consumption of undiluted whiskey in considerable quant.i.ties. Outdoor workers are p.r.o.ne to take an occasional gla.s.s of whiskey, especially in the winter time, and a copious quant.i.ty of malt liquors in the summer. Both of these predispose to the development of a low-grade {405} neuritis in susceptible individuals. Alcohol is said to have an idiosyncrasy for the anterior tibial nerves. That only means, as a rule, however, that these nerves are more frequently affected by alcoholic neuritis than others in the body. The reason for this special location of the affection is that in people who stand and walk much, this const.i.tuting their main form of exercise, these nerves are much used. They are probably in such people (that is, if the intensity of impulses that pa.s.s through them be taken into account) the most used nerves in the body. It is this that makes them most susceptible to alcohol. In people who stoop much or who have to work hard in stooping postures, the nerves in the lumbar region and those that make up the sciatic trunk are over-used. This makes them more susceptible to pathological influences than others, hence the tendency for neuritis to develop in them.

_Intrapelvic Causes_.--Sciatica may be due to various pathological conditions within the pelvis. Women with fibroid tumors are particularly likely to suffer from it. Their removal by operation does not always a.s.sure against the occurrence of sciatic troubles. I once saw an obstinate case of sciatica in which there was a story of a fibroid having been removed years before and, though there were no signs of any recurrence of the growth of another, there were some adhesions in the region, and there was an obstinate constipation particularly likely to have as one symptom an acc.u.mulation of fecal material in the r.e.c.t.u.m until it was very hard. The keeping of the bowels open meant more than anything else for the relief of the sciatica. This patient subsequently died from what was diagnosed by a well-known French surgeon as rupture of the bowels. This was probably due to the adhesions that occurred after the old operation, done without any regard to the possible development of such a sequela, some twenty years ago. The sciatica was undoubtedly connected with the group of disturbed conditions within the pelvis.

_Position at Work_.--In this case, as in others that I have seen, the position a.s.sumed while at work seemed to have been an appreciable factor in the production of the pain in the limb. The lady made her living by writing and often wrote on a board resting on her knee--a feminine, not a masculine habit. This brought pressure to bear upon the right limb a little more than the other and then, when she crossed her knees in order to put the writing board on top of the knee, this side seemed to be used more than the other.

This question of the position in occupation, even though sedentary, is very important. I have seen a strikingly typical case of the so-called _neuralgia paresthetica_, the achy condition of the outside of the thigh with some anesthesia and paresthesia, occur in an old lady who still retained the girlish habit of sitting on her foot while she did crocheting. I have often seen achiness of muscles of the trunk develop in persons who read much in a cramped position because of the reading light being too low or otherwise wrongly placed for group reading.

Whenever a patient has to stand much on one foot while doing something, it is important to remember that there should be alternation in the use of the limbs; otherwise sciatica and lumbar pains will often develop, usually on the side corresponding to the limb that is kept rigid.

Treatment.--_Mental Persuasion_.--The patient must be made to realize that his affection is not rheumatism, but is due to local conditions.

Just as soon as a patient's mind is relieved by being made to appreciate that certain habits in his occupation, or certain local conditions that can be corrected, {406} are responsible for much of his discomfort, then that discomfort is much easier to bear. Even in cases where actual neuritis has developed, or where there have been changes in the intermuscular planes bringing considerable disability, the aches caused by these will be much more bearable if the patient's mind is set at rest as to the real significance of the condition. No condition should be called rheumatic unless at some time in the history of it there was an acute inflammatory condition with Galen's cla.s.sical symptoms--_tumor, color, rubor_ and _dolor_. Pain alone is never sufficient to justify the diagnosis. Painful disability is usually due to local causes.