[6] Cf. _An Inquiry into the Conditions and Occupations of the People in Central London_, R. A. Valpy.

[7] This statement is borne out by _A Return of Expenditure of Working- Men_, for 1889, published by the Labour Department of the Board of Trade.

[8] See two interesting papers, "Our Farmers in Chains," by the Rev.

Harry Jones (_National Review_, April and July, 1890).

[9] Arnold White: _The Problems of a Great City_, p. 159.

[10] Marshall's _Principles of Economics_, II. ch. iv. --2.

[11] De Tocqueville, _Ancient Regime_, ch. xvi.

[12] _Report of the Industrial Remuneration Conference_, 1886, p. 429.

[13] Cannan's _Elementary Political Economy_, part ii. -- 15.

[14] _Industrial Remuneration Congress Report_, p. 153. Mr. W. Owen.

[15] _Economics of Industry_, p. 111.

[16] _Principles of Economics_, pp. 314, 316.

[17] Kirkup, _Inquiry into Socialism_, p. 72.

[18] Booth's _Labour and Life of the People, _vol. i. Part. III. ch. ii.

_Influx of Population, _by H. Llewellyn Smith. A most valuable paper, from which many of the facts here stated have been drawn.

[19] The official estimate is not precise, since our statistics of emigration refer only to non-European countries.

[20] _Labour and Life of the People_, vol. i. p. 237.

[21] _Labour and Life of East London_, vol. i. p. 224.

[22] _Report on the Sweating System_, p. 14.

[23] _Labour and Life of the People_, p. 271.

[24] _Final Report on the Sweating System, _-- 68.

[25] _Lords' Committee on the Sweating System; Last Report, _ p. 184.

[26] _Labour and Life in London_, vol. i. p. 489.

[27] Howell, _Conflicts of Capital and Labour, _p. 128. Second Edition, Macmillan & Co.

[28] Karl Marx, _Capital_, vol. ii. p. 480.

[29] _Labour and Life in East London, _vol. i. p. 112.

[30] Cf. Howell's _Conflicts of Capital and Labour_, p. 207.

[31] _The State in Relation to Labour_, p. 106.

[32] _Problems of Greater Britain_, vol. ii. p. 314.

[33] _Labour and Life of the People_, vol. i, p. 167.

[34] The match-box trade, however, is chiefly in the hands of home-workers.

[35] _Labour and Life of the People_, vol, i p. 427.

[36] Roscher's _Political Economy_, -- 242.

[37] Fabian Essays in Socialism, p. 48.

[38] Quoted by G. Gunton: _Political Science Quarterly_, Sept. 1880.

[39] G. Gunton: _Political Science Quarterly, _Sept. 1888.

[40] p. 17.