LITERATURE. See lists on pp. Alison, _Hist. of Europe_, from 1815 to 1852 (8 vols.); Bulle, _Gesch. d. neuesten Zeit_, 1815-1871 (2 vols.); Flathe. _Zeitalter der Restauration und der Revolution_; Stern, _Geschichte Europas_ (3 vols.); Debidpur, _Hist. Diplomatique de l'Europe_ (2 vols.); Seign.o.bus, _Political History of Europe since 1814_; Sears. _Political Growth in the Nineteenth Century_; Lavisse et Rambaud. _Hist Gen._, Vols. X., XI., XII.; Phillips, _European History_, 1815-1899; Muller, _Political History of Recent Times_ (Peters's translation, 1882); Muller, _Politische Gesch. d. Gegenwart_ (an annual, since 1867); Honegger, _Grundsteine einer allgem. Culturgeschichte d. neuesten Zeit_ (5 vols.).

Works on the History of Italy. Thayer, _Dawn of Italian Independence_ (2 vols.); Reuchlin, _Geschichte Italiens_ (4 vols.); Stillman, _Union of Italy_; Probyn, _Italy from_ 1815-1878; Lives of Cavour, by De la Rive (English translation), by E. Dicey, by Mazade (French); _Life and Writings of Mazzini_ (9 vols.).

Works on the History of Germany. Treitschke, _Deutsche Geschichte_; Von Sybel, _Founding of the German Empire_ (6 vols,); Busch,_ Bismarck in the Franco-Prussian War_ (2 vols.), _Bismarck, The Man and the Statesman_ (2 vols.); Springer, _Geschichte Oesterreichs_ (2 vols.).

France. Hillebrand, _Gesch. Frankreichs_ (1830-1870); Adams, _Democracy and Monarchy in France_; Stein, _Gesch. der Sozialen Bewegung in Frankreich_; Guizot, _Memoirs of His Own Time_ (1807-1848) (4 vols.); Delord, _Hist. du Second Empire_ (6 vols.); Zevort, _Hist. de la 3'me Republique_ (4 vols.); Hanotaux, _Contemporary France_ (Vol. I.); Bodley, _France_ (2 vols.); Simon, _The Government of M. Thiers_ (from 1871-1873) (2 vols.).

Works on the History of England. Harriet Martineau, _The History of England_ (1800-1854); Walpole, _A History of England_, from 1815 (6 vols., 1878-1880); Molesworth, _The History of England_ (1830-1874); Justin McCarthy, _A History of Our Own Times_ (1878-1880); Kinglake, _The Invasion of the Crimea_ (6 vols.); Seeley, _The Expansion of England_; Rutherford, _The Fenian Conspiracy_; Richey, _The Irish Land Laws_; King, _The Irish Question_; Morley, _Life of Gladstone_, 3 vols. (1903) (an able historical review).

Works on History of the United States. Benton, _Thirty Year's View_ [1820-1850]; Johnston, _History of American Politics_; DE TOCQUEVILLE, _Democracy in America_ (2 vols.); Thorpe, _Const.i.tutional History of the American People_ (2 vols.); Roosevelt, _Winning of the West_ (4 vols); Stanwood, _A History of the Presidency_; Bryce, _The American Commonwealth_ (2 vols).; Ostrogorski, _Democracy and the Origin of Political Parties_ (2 vols.); Henry Adams, _History of the United States_ (1800-1817, 9 vols.); Rhodes, _History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850_ (4 vols.); Wilson, _Division and Reunion_; Burgess, _The Middle Period, The Civil War and the Const.i.tution _(2 vols.); Dunning, _Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction_; Bolles, _Financial History of the United States_ (3 vols.); Wilson, _History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power_; Blaine, _Twenty Years in Congress_; Histories of the Civil War, by the Count of Paris (2 vols.), by Roper, by J. W. Draper, by H. Greeley, by A. H. Stephens, by E. A. Pollard (_The Lost Cause_); Swinton's _Twelve Decisive Battles of the _[_Civil_] _War_; _Memoirs of Gen. W. T. Sherman,_ by himself; Grant, _Personall Memoirs_ (2 vols.); John Sherman, _Recollections_ (2 vols.); Moore, _The Rebellion Record_ (1861-1871); Biography of _Gallatin_, by H. Adams; of _Jackson_, by Parton, by W. G. Sumner; of _Madison_, by Rives; of _J. Q. Adams_, by Morse; of _Josiah Quincy_, by Edmund Quincy; of _Webster_, by G. T. Curtis, by Lodge; of _Clay_, by Schurz; of _Calhoun_, by Cralle; of _Sumner_, by E. L. Pierce; of _Lincoln_, by Nicolay and Hay, by Morse; of _Seward_, by Fr. Brancroft; of _W. L. Garrison_, by O. Johnson, by W. P. Garrison; _The American Commonwealths_, a series of histories of the separate States (edited by H. E. Scudder); writings of J. Q. Adams, Webster, Clay, Calhoun, E. Everett, C. Sumner, W. H. Seward; John Fiske, _American Political Ideas_.

Literary Biographies. _Life of Walter Scott_, by Lockhart; of Jeffrey, by c.o.c.kburn; of Macaulay, by Trevelyan; of Arnold, by Stanley; of d.i.c.kens, by Forster; of Carlyle, by Froude; of George Eliot [Mrs. Lewes], by Cross. _Life of Irving_, by P. M. Irving; of Bryant, by Parke G.o.dwin; _Life and Letters of George Ticknor; Life of Ripley_, by Frothingham; Series of "American Men of Letters," including _Washington Irving_, by Warner; _Cooper_, by T. R. Lounsbury; _Emerson_, by O. W. Holmes, etc.

Argyll, _The Eastern Question, 1856 to 1858 and the Second Afghan War_; Taylor, _Russia before and after the War_ [of 1877]

(1880); _Daily News Correspondence of the War between Russia and Turkey_ [1877-78] (2 vols.); Baker Pasha, _War in Bulgaria_ (2 vols.); Wallace, _Egypt and the Egyptian Question_; Malleson, _History of Afghanistan_; Labilliere, _Early History of the Colony of Victoria_ (2 vols.); Grant and Knollys, _The China War of 1860_; Scott, _France and Tongking_ [in 1884]; Vambery, _Central Asia_; Stanley, _Congo and the Founding of its Free State_ (2 vols.).

Rae, _Contemporary Socialism_; Woolsey, _Communism and Socialism_; Laveleye, _Le Socialisme Contemporain_ (10th ed.); Schaeffle, _Quintessens des Socialismus_; A. Menger, _Das Recht auf den vollen Arbeitsertrag_ (2d ed.).