A true, openhearted friend might safely venture on severe criticism, and his love would bear the test even if this was sometimes cruel as regarded his motives. He readily forgave a wrong to himself, though an injury to a friend was not forgotten if forgiven. His faults and failings were always open and manifest, but his gentle courtesy in his most intimate relations, unfailing when most needed, cannot be told.

However trying or commonplace the circ.u.mstances of his life might be, his resources of thought, aspiration, and work gave him hours of experience in each day which transformed for him and those in sympathy with him the hard realities of life,

"Clothing the palpable and familiar With golden exhalations of the dawn."

After a series of six concerts in Lyons in the early part of the year of 1836, he had a severe illness, which nearly cost him his life. On his recovery he hastened back to Paris to play at the Italian Opera. He had been promised the theatre, but saw an announcement in the papers of Thalberg's concerts to be given there. He hurried to Rossini, who was one of the directors, and asked him what it meant. "I am sorry that it is not in my power to help you," said Rossini; "the government has the entire control in this matter. Have you a letter from Metternich?"

Thalberg, by the by, had brought a letter from the great Austrian to the Paris authorities. "No," was the reply. "Then follow my advice and go to England this very day. This will be a very favorable time for you there."

It may be said here that Rossini's kindness and courtesy were as constant as the charm of his ready repartee and wit in conversation. Ole Bull always delighted to recall reminiscences of him.

The violinist determined to follow Rossini's advice and went to London.

Mr. Laporte, the director of the Italian Opera, with whom he was soon on good terms, promised him the theatre, and the orchestra under the direction of Costa, for his concerts. This, however, stirred the bad blood of Mori, the first violin of the orchestra, who intrigued against Ole Bull, describing him to Costa and the critics as a mere charlatan, an impudent and stupid imitator of Paganini. He went even further. When the time for the first rehearsal was fixed, he contrived very adroitly that Ole Bull's notice should read two o'clock, while the orchestra were called for twelve o'clock. His object was to give the orchestra the impression that Ole Bull was indifferent to their convenience, and by the long detention to arouse their indignation. This partially succeeded. Ole Bull felt that there were influences at work against him, and determined not to be wholly unprepared, although he did not know on whom to fix his suspicion. He invited a number of friends and musical critics to the rehearsal, and a considerable audience had a.s.sembled at the hour. When he himself arrived he found but a remnant of the orchestra left, and no leader. Where was Monsieur Costa? Where was Monsieur Laporte? The notification for rehearsal in his hand read distinctly two o'clock. The violinist rushed to the cashier's office, and seizing the man in his strong arms, compelled him to go and announce to the audience that M. Costa had notified Monsieur Ole Bull that the hour of rehearsal was two o'clock. With violin in hand Ole Bull then said: "You must either think, gentlemen, that I do not need an accompaniment, or that you are unable to play one. I can only accept your intention as a compliment, and express my thanks in our mutual language-that of tone."

Excited as he was, he played his "Quartetto a Violino Solo," and won the hearty applause of those present. He then played "G.o.d save the King" on four strings, and the house resounded with shouts. Some persons in the street heard the noise and rushed in to learn what it all meant. Among them were Lord Burgesh and Moscheles. The members of the orchestra present now felt chagrined, and offered to accompany him, but there was no leader. Lord Burgesh urged Moscheles to take the baton, which he did, applauded warmly by the audience; but only a few bars had been played when Costa rushed out upon him with bitter taunts and insults. Pale with anger Ole Bull approached the director, and expressed to him his indignation that he had failed to perceive the generous service Moscheles was rendering them both. M. Laporte, who understood that the young artist's victory over this intrigue was sure to win him favor, now exerted himself to make peace. At the next rehearsal the orchestra did their duty, and the house was crowded at the concert, which was a brilliant success. Ole Bull writes to Madlle. Villeminot, May 20, 1836:-

Tomorrow is the day for my first concert. I have today had the third rehearsal with full orchestra. It is impossible to tell you all the intrigues I have had to encounter. I had everybody against me, even the director; but the papers have spoken much about the base treatment I have received, and everybody who sees me, even at a distance, now raises his hat. Thalberg gives a morning concert in the King's Theatre the same day; but few tickets are sold. He and De Beriot were surprised at the large sale for my concert.

Again, May 24, 1836, he writes:-

Dearest Felicie, Victoria!!! we have won! I never had a greater success, hardly so great, as that of last Sat.u.r.day night. Wreaths, bouquets, and applause! Rubini, Tamburini, and Lablache sang, but Grisi did not sing as promised.[6]

[6] Mori had influenced Madame Grisi, but Rubini and Lablache had stood by him. "What are you reading? I know the handwriting," said Lablache, looking over Grisi's note the very hour of the concert. "Infamous! but never mind; play as you did at the rehearsal, and be sure the audience will forget the rest of us."

In spite of all intrigues the journals have p.r.o.nounced me one of the first violinists of the world. Tomorrow I play for the Duke of Devonshire.... I have also agreed to play for the Philharmonic Society. Fearnley goes to Christiania Tuesday next. He came to my concert, and was almost crazy at the _furore_ I made.

Two days later, May 26, 1836, he writes:-

Yesterday I played for the Duke of Devonshire; Rubini also sang.

The duke said that I had performed the miracle of endowing the violin with a soul. Many of the first n.o.bility of England were present, and the ladies were much moved.

The Duke of Devonshire was especially fond of Rubini, and Ole Bull used to say that he had never received a more delicate compliment than that paid him by the duke when he turned to Rubini and said, as the last tones of the violin died away: "You never sang more delightfully, Rubini!" Mr. James T. Fields once asked in what respect Rubini excelled other tenors, to which Ole Bull replied: "He began where others ended."

One of the chief triumphs which Ole Bull won in London, in 1836, was on the occasion of a Philharmonic concert in which he appeared with Malibran and Thalberg. So great was his success that his concerts afterward were crowded, one audience at the King's Theatre numbering three thousand people, an unprecedented success that season. He writes in August, 1836:-

I have just presented some souvenirs of regard to Rubini, Tamburini, Lablache, and Madame a.s.sandri, who have a.s.sisted me gratuitously in my concerts here. They are the best people in the world, and immensely talented. They have told me to command them at all times, and as often as I please.

The following criticisms of his first appearance in London are taken from the _Times_, which said, in its issue of May 23, 1836:-

Mr. Ole B. Bull, the Norwegian violinist, made his first public essay in this country, on Sat.u.r.day evening, at this theatre [King's Theatre]. A more completely successful performance of the kind we have never attended. He played three pieces-a grand concerto in three movements, allegro, adagio, and rondo; a quartette for one violin; and a grand warlike Polish movement introduced by a recitative and adagio. His varieties of movement seem almost unlimited; and much as Paganini has done, this artist has certainly opened a new field on that instrument. His style is essentially different, and, like that of every truly great master, is of his own formation. Perhaps his most remarkable characteristic is the quiet and unpretending manner in which he produces all his great effects. There was no trick, no violent gesture, nor any approach to the _ad captandum_ school. It seemed so easy, that to those not acquainted with the mechanical difficulties he mastered it was not easy to comprehend that anything extraordinary had been done. In long arpeggio pa.s.sages and others made up of rapid and minute divisions, his bow scarcely seemed to move on the string; his hand, too, was almost motionless, yet our ear was charmed with a succession of distinct and sparkling notes, which kept the whole audience fixed in mute and almost breathless attention. His command of the instrument, from the top to the bottom of the scale-and he has a scale of his own of three complete octaves on each string-is absolutely perfect; in pa.s.sing from one extreme of it to the other, however rapidly, he never missed a note. His tone on the fourth string is so beautiful, that even Nicholson's flute, when a response occurred in the accompaniment, was thrown into the shade. His "Quartette," in the ordinary mode of playing, would seem impossible; but he distinctly made out chords of three notes with the bow, and produced the fourth with his finger. This movement made such an impression on the audience that an encore was called for, instead of which Mr. Bull, as a mark of respect, which he probably thought appropriate, favored us with our National Anthem.

With all our loyalty, we would have preferred hearing his "Quartette" once more. The applause he received was unbounded, as little forced, and as sincere, as any we have ever heard bestowed.

Mr. Bull is still a young man, his age not being more than 26 or 27, and his appearance, on the whole, prepossessing. The performance of Sat.u.r.day was, perhaps, as wonderful for the specimen afforded of the power of the instrument as for that of the player.... It should be mentioned that the audience included nearly all the distinguished members of the musical profession now in town, whose judgment, as they applauded most cordially, is the proper ordeal of a musical reputation....

The artists appearing with him were Rubini, Tamburini, and Lablache, with Mdlle. a.s.sandri.

The _Times_ of Thursday, June 2, 1836, referring to Paganini's variations to "Nel cor non piu mi sento," says:-

This air, with variations, is the first instance in which Ole Bull has challenged a direct comparison with Paganini, by playing a movement of his composition, every note of which, as delivered by that great master, is fresh in the recollection of the musical audiences of this metropolis. To say that he bore up manfully under the comparison is sterling praise, and he deserves it. His arpeggio pa.s.sages had less tone than Paganini, but were equal to him in neatness, rapidity, and distinctness; and in his pizzicato, in alternate use of bow and finger, difference of effect, if any, was extremely small.... His second performance, on the whole, fully sustains his reputation....

The _Times_ of Thursday, June 16, 1836, remarks:-

Ole Bull gave his third, announced also as his last, concert yesterday evening; but it was so good and so highly successful, that we are quite sure that more concerts will be called for, and that they must be granted. A more perfect performance can scarcely be imagined. To the confidence which, from the first, Ole Bull possessed in his own resources is now added a confidence also in the public-a persuasion that he is thoroughly understood and estimated, and that conviction has evidently enabled him to surpa.s.s all he hitherto has done. All pieces which he played last night were of his own composition, and have been heard before in public. They were his "Concerto," in which he introduces his inimitable arpeggios; his "Adagio Religioso," with the movement describing the "Lamentation of a Mother for the loss of her Child;" his "Polacca Guerriera," a most stirring movement, which he played at the Philharmonic Society; and his "Fantasia Solo."

The great charm, perhaps, consisted in the purity of style with which the whole was given. It was all his own-new, and consistent, and beautiful; not an atom of charlatanism in it; nor was there any imitation of any other great master to be detected....

Ole Bull now went to Paris, married, as stated above, and returned with his bride to London. The little Alexandrine Felicie Villeminot had developed into a woman of rare beauty. Her oval face and fine features were thoroughly Parisian, while the sparkling brilliancy of her large black eyes betrayed her Spanish blood.

In September a series of musical festivals was to be given in the cities of York, Manchester, Birmingham, and Liverpool. The managers wished to engage Ole Bull, but his demand for 800 was thought too high. They therefore opened negotiations with Mesdames Malibran and Grisi, who asked 2,000. Falling back on Ole Bull, they came an hour too late. In connection with Bochsa, the celebrated harpist, he had engaged a company for a tour in the United Kingdom.

Nothing remained but to engage Malibran for the festival. She was not well, but one night in Manchester she determined to surpa.s.s herself.

Singing a duet by Mercadante with Caradori Allan, a soprano who held a high trill for a long time with great effect, Malibran forced a tone two notes higher, holding it with so much strength and for so long a time that the audience were astonished. The desperate effort proved fatal to the great vocalist. Hemorrhage followed, and resulted in death a few days later.

The manager had called upon her the day after the concert, and expressed the hope that she would soon be well enough to sing again, to which she replied: "Do you think me like one of your English boxers, only to be put on my feet and go on again with my blows and knocks? Bete!" She once said to Ole Bull when he tried to persuade her to guard her health and strength: "The public will kill you, either by their neglect or their exactions."

Feeling, as he did, an admiration approaching idolatry for Malibran, her death was a most painful shock to him. He writes:-

Yesterday the papers announced the death of Malibran. Poor woman!

After having worked so hard for the public, which was often ungrateful, she dies the victim of her own success.... I cannot realize it. A woman gifted with a soul of fire, full of the highest pa.s.sion, a ravishing singer, her dramatic talent and declamation-ah! I remember how I wept in Bologna when I saw her as Desdemona in "Oth.e.l.lo."

But the festival must go on, and the management sent for Ole Bull to fill Malibran's place. His own concerts had to be postponed, and in consideration of this and their desire for his services he was offered 800 for one night in Liverpool, which he accepted.

But, as Wergeland says, it seemed as if Malibran had asked a chevalier to cross with her the river Styx, for he came near sharing her fate. The hall was large, the orchestral accompaniment too strong, and his violin could be heard only when he played _fortissimo_. In performing the "Polacca," his exertion was so great that he burst a bloodvessel, and his coat had to be cut from him. The Duke of Devonshire, hearing of his illness, sent his carriage to fetch him to Chatsworth, where he spent some quiet days, and recovered sufficiently to continue his concert tour.

He thus writes of Chatsworth, under date of October 13, 1836:-

Dear Felicie, ... I arrived here Sat.u.r.day evening, at nine o'clock. The duke insisted upon quiet and rest, that I should be quite at liberty; in short, he is as amiable and good as possible.

But feeling that it would please him, I took my violin the same evening and played until midnight, in spite of my intense suffering. I was obliged the next day to write to Bochsa that I was so ill that the journey to Brighton would kill me.

The duke cares for me in a thousand ways, and has absolutely forbidden me to play. Many of the first aristocracy of England are here, and I might be taken for a prince, so much consideration and politeness do I receive. What magnificence! It is the most splendid place I know. Since my convalescence, the duke has shown me all about his domain. We went on foot. I spoke to him of our marriage.... He asked me if I had given you the ring which he had presented me, and wished me to do so.... My health is better, except that my chest feels worn out, but I hope to be well soon.

How long does the time seem that deprives me of seeing you! I embrace you very tenderly....

At Chatsworth, at the duke's town residence, and at Holland House, he met the famous men and women of the time. Among them was Thomas Moore, who not only sang for him his own songs, but also wrote out and sang for him the Irish popular melodies and ballads which he was to use in his concerts.

In sixteen months' time, Ole Bull gave two hundred and seventyfour concerts in the United Kingdom. His exertions during those years often threatened to break down his health. He suffered from nervous attacks and great depression at such times. His success everywhere, however, was of the same character which he had achieved in the capitals, and which has already been told at length.

He now decided to visit Germany, and, stopping _en route_ in Paris, made the acquaintance of Paganini. His delight at this was so great that even the recollection of it in later years made others feel his sensations as he recounted them, especially his first meeting with the great Italian.

Walking on the Boulevard one morning, he met Sind, the banker, who had just proposed to introduce him to Paganini, when they saw in the distance a strange and striking figure, which could be no other than that of the great violinist himself. As they met, he greeted Ole Bull, without presentation, so familiarly and kindly that the latter at first thought that he must have been mistaken for some wellknown friend. But, thrilled and awed as he was in the presence of the renowned _maestro_, he could not help gratefully accepting his gracious and hearty words.

Paganini insisted upon their returning with him to his lodgings, and spoke much to Ole Bull of his illness and troubles, and the persecution of the critics; in short, he treated him as if he were an old and confidential friend. The surprise of Sind at this cordiality may be imagined; but Ole Bull could only tell him that it was really the first time he had spoken with Paganini, and hurry away to live over again in the solitude of his own thoughts this memorable meeting. He afterwards learned that Paganini knew more of him and his work than he supposed, as he spoke familiarly of Ole Bull's performances to others, praising his individuality of style, and foretelling his brilliant career. When or where Paganini had heard him he never found out. The sympathy he felt was too sensitive to permit him to intrude his own thoughts upon the master, who was always inclined to unbosom himself of his troubles to him; nor could he bring himself to ask the one thing he most desired-a sight of the famous violin.

Paganini never had a more observant or critical listener. Those familiar with the usual rendering of his compositions must have marked the difference in Ole Bull's performance of them. He strove to give the fine phrasing, the varied quality of tone, which he felt himself so fortunate in having heard from the composer. In Nice, in 1874, Count Cessole, the friend in whose arms Paganini died, gave Ole Bull a letter to Paganini's son, requesting him to show him the ma.n.u.script of an unpublished concerto of his father's, adding that he was the only person capable of doing it justice. Unfortunately, the opportunity of making the journey was denied Ole Bull that winter, and it never offered itself later.

After leaving Paris concerts were given in Brussels and Courtray. At the latter place the violinist was royally entertained by his host, Mons.

Vermeulen, a pa.s.sionate lover of music. A number of the princ.i.p.al citizens met him outside the town and escorted him to his destination.

His coming was regarded as a _fete_, and he was received by the public at his concert with every expression of delighted admiration. His host gave him a magnificent banquet, and the citizens vied with each other in doing him honor.

Learning that Mons. Vermeulen, who was an amateur collector, was extremely desirous of obtaining one of his violins, Ole Bull made him happy by consenting to part with his Guarnerius. Tarisio, in Paris, supplied its place with another, a famous instrument, a Joseph Guarnerius labeled 1742, which Ole Bull used as his princ.i.p.al concert violin for the next twentyfive or thirty years. It is now in the possession of his son, Mr. Alexander Bull.

In December, and January, 1838, Ole Bull gave six concerts in the Stadt Theatre in Hamburg. When he left on the 7th of January, a deputation was sent to ask him to return. His reply, dated the 9th from Neumunster, stated that his route would be disarranged by his return, but that he could not hesitate for a moment as to his pleasure and duty; so, after one more concert in Neumunster, he returned to Hamburg and played in the great Apollo Hall. The large proceeds from this concert he gave to the charitable inst.i.tutions of that city.

An extract from a letter to his wife (from Lubeck, January 23, 1838), will show how constant and fatiguing were his labors at this time:-

I have been traveling and giving concerts every day without interruption for some time. I have the satisfaction of feeling that the result was never better. I played six times in Hamburg (the last time for charity), and every seat was filled an hour before the concert. I left in the morning for Kiel, where I arrived early the next day. I started at once for the rehearsal, although I had had no sleep during the night, after which I went to my lodgings, dined, and dressed for the concert. After the concert I rode in the coach to Schleswig. On my arrival there in the morning-rehearsal and then concert. Left Schleswig about midnight and returned to Kiel, arriving the following morning, where a rehearsal and concert awaited me again. I then went to Neumunster and called on K.'s uncle.... I was so weary that I could not help sleeping the whole day. The next day I played for the poor at Neumunster....