[483] For an account of the life of Flat Mouth see Coues's _The Expeditions of Zebulon M. Pike_, Vol. I, p. 169, note 10.

[484] Sketches of the life of Hole-in-the-Day are given in _The Spirit of Missions_, Vol. VIII, p. 461, December, 1843; _North Western Gazette and Galena Advertiser_, August 3, 1839; _Prairie du Chien Patriot_, June 8, 1847.

[485] _Minnesota Historical Collections_, Vol. V, p. 353.

[486] The names of the witnesses of the treaty are given in Kappler's _Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties_, Vol. II, p. 493.

[487] A contemporary account of the proceedings of the council published in the _Iowa News_ (Dubuque), Vol. I, Nos. 11 and 14, is reprinted in _The Iowa Journal of History and Politics_, Vol. IX, pp. 408-433.

[488] _The Iowa Journal of History and Politics_, Vol. IX, p. 420.

[489] Dodge to Harris, July 30, 1837.--_Indian Office Files_, 1837, No.

226.

[490] _Executive Doc.u.ments_, 1st Session, 31st Congress, Vol. III, Pt.

2, Doc.u.ment No. 5, p. 985. The Indians desired whiskey at the councils.

In order to prove that it was not refused because of stinginess, two barrels were opened at Prairie du Chien and the whiskey allowed to run on the ground. The old Indian Wakh-pa-koo-tay mourned the loss: "It was a great pity, there was enough wasted to have kept me drunk all the days of my life."--_Wisconsin Historical Collections_, Vol. V, p. 124.

[491] _The Iowa Journal of History and Politics_, Vol. IX, pp. 409, 410.

[492] _The Iowa Journal of History and Politics_, Vol. IX, pp. 424-426.

[493] _The Iowa Journal of History and Politics_, Vol. IX, pp. 416, 417.

Taliaferro was violently opposed to granting any funds to the traders.--_Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro_ in the _Minnesota Historical Collections_, Vol. VI, pp. 215, 216.

[494] _The Iowa Journal of History and Politics_, Vol. IX, pp. 431, 432.

[495] The text of the treaty is to be found in Kappler's _Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties_, Vol. II, pp. 491-493.

[496] _Niles' Register_, Vol. LIII, pp. 81, 82; Kappler's _Indian Affairs, Laws and Treaties_, Vol. II, pp. 493, 494.

[497] See an account of the payment in 1849 at Fort Snelling in _The Minnesota Pioneer_, September 27, 1849.

[498] _Post Returns_, November, 1852, October, 1853, October, 1854, in the archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.

CHAPTER XIII

[499] Turner's _The Significance of the Frontier in American History_ in the _Annual Report of the American Historical a.s.sociation_, 1893, p.

211.

[500] Beltrami's _A Pilgrimage in Europe and America_, Vol. II, p. 202.

[501] Neill's _The History of Minnesota_ (Fourth Edition), p. 453; _Minnesota Historical Collections_, Vol. I, p. 468.

[502] _Minnesota Historical Collections_, Vol. III, p. 319.

[503] Keating's _Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River_, Vol. II, p. 60.

[504] Much has been written on the founding of this colony and the romantic events connected with the struggle between the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, in which many of the colonists were the innocent victims. Interesting accounts are given in Kingsford's _The History of Canada_, Vol. IX, pp. 108-150; Bryce's _The Remarkable History of the Hudson's Bay Company_, pp. 202-257; Bryce's _Lord Selkirk_ in _The Makers of Canada_, Vol. V, pp. 115-206; Laut's _The Conquest of the Great Northwest_, pp. 113-202; _Minnesota Historical Collections_, Vol. VI, pp. 75-89.

[505] There is a summary of the early trading relations of the Red River Colony with the American settlements in the _Collections of the State Historical Society of North Dakota_, Vol. IV, pp. 251, 252. The arrival of these people at Fort Snelling is noted in the _Minnesota Historical Collections_, Vol. II, pp. 124, 127; VI, p. 350.

[506] "Two families of Swiss emigrants who arrived here yesterday were robbed of almost everything they possessed".--Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, 1824, in _Taliaferro Letters_, Vol. I, No. 50.

See also the story of the Tully children in Van Cleve's _"Three Score Years and Ten," Life-Long Memories of Fort Snelling, Minnesota_, pp.

49-61.

[507] The facts concerning the migrations of these Red River refugees are taken from the reminiscences of Mrs. Ann Adams who was herself one of the travellers.--_Minnesota Historical Collections_, Vol. VI, pp.

75-95. See also Chetlain's _The Red River Colony_. This is a small pamphlet written by the son of one of the refugees.

[508] _Minnesota Historical Collections_, Vol. XIV, p. 84.

[509] Williams's _A History of the City of Saint Paul_, pp. 70, 71.

[510] _Executive Doc.u.ments_, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Doc.u.ment No. 9, p. 16.

[511] Renville to Sibley, February 22, 1835.--_Sibley Papers, 1830-1840_. A story is told of a certain "Simple-hearted, honest fellow"

named Sinclair. "One time he was sick, at Mendota, and Surgeon Emerson, at the fort, sent by some one, a box of pills, for him to take a dose from. N. W. Kittson called on him a little while after this, and found that Sinclair had not only swallowed all the pills, but was then chewing up the box!"--Williams's _A History of the City of Saint Paul_, p. 123.

[512] _Minnesota Historical Collections_, Vol. II, pp. 127, 129.

[513] Snelling to Taliaferro, October 19, 1824.--_Taliaferro Letters_, Vol. I, No. 50.

[514] _Taliaferro's Diary_, July 13, 14, 1834; _Indian Office Files_, 1834, No. 239.

[515] _Taliaferro's Diary_, July 21, 1834.

[516] _Indian Office Files_, 1837, Nos. 448, 447, 445.

[517] _The Auto-biography of Maj. Lawrence Taliaferro_ in the _Minnesota Historical Collections_, Vol. VI, p. 231.

[518] _Executive Doc.u.ments_, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Doc.u.ment No. 9, pp. 14, 15.

[519] _Executive Doc.u.ments_, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Doc.u.ment No. 9, pp. 16, 17.

[520] _Executive Doc.u.ments_, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Doc.u.ment No. 9, pp. 18, 23.

[521] _Minnesota Historical Collections_, Vol. II, p. 136; Williams's _A History of the City of Saint Paul_, pp. 66, 67.

[522] _Executive Doc.u.ments_, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Doc.u.ment No. 9, pp. 23, 24.

[523] _Executive Doc.u.ments_, 3rd Session, 40th Congress, Vol. VII, Doc.u.ment No. 9, pp. 26, 27.

[524] _The Spirit of Missions_, Vol. V, p. 335, November, 1840. A recent sketch of Fort Snelling states that there were "no white neighbors except traders, agents of fur companies, refugees from civilization and disreputable hangers-on."--Hammond's _Quaint and Historic Forts of North America_, p. 272. Many of the evicted settlers can not be cla.s.sed among these.

[525] This order is published in Williams's _A History of the City of Saint Paul_, p. 94.