What happens when the perspiratory pores are clogged?--"The impure particles which should pa.s.s through them stay in the body, and cause disease in the lungs or other parts."

Why should you sit and stand erect?--"Because, if I am in the habit of stooping, my lungs will be crowded, and will not have enough room to move freely."

Why should you keep all parts of the body warm?--"Because chilling any part of the body causes the blood to chill in that part, and thus hinders its circulation."

Why should you not change your winter clothing too early in the spring of the year?--"I may take cold if not warmly clothed during the cool days of early spring."

Why should you avoid draughts of cool air?--"Because the cool air blows upon some parts of the body and closes the pores of the skin, checking the perspiration, and hindering the circulation of the blood."

Why should you not rush suddenly from a warm to a cool place?--"Because when warm the pores of the skin are open; if I rush suddenly into the cool air, these pores are closed too quickly."

Why does stopping the perspiration hurt the lungs more or less?--"The impurities it ought to carry away remain in the body, make the blood impure, and produce disease in some part; very often that part is the lungs."

What harm does alcohol do in the lungs?--"It fills the lungs with impure blood."

What harm does it do to the air-cells?--"It hardens the walls of the air-cells of the lungs."

What harm is done by the hardening of these air-cells?--"1. The lungs cannot take in enough of the gas called oxygen to purify the blood perfectly. 2. The gases or vapors in the lungs cannot pa.s.s freely through the hardened air-cells."

What happens from this?--"The lungs become diseased."

From what disease do some hard drinkers suffer?--"Alcoholic consumption, for which there is no cure." See Appendices on Alcohol and Tobacco.

[Ill.u.s.tration: THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.]

1. The upper jaw.

2. The lower jaw.

3. The tongue.

4. The roof of the mouth.

5. The food-pipe.

6. The windpipe.

7, 8. Where the saliva is made.

9. The stomach.

10. The liver.

11. Where the bile is made.

12. The duct through which the bile pa.s.ses to the small intestine.

13. The upper part of the small intestine.

14. Where the pancreatic juice is made.

15. The small intestine.

16. The opening of the small into the large intestine.

17-20. The large intestine.

21. The spleen.

22. The spinal column.

PART X.

FORMULA FOR THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS AND DIGESTION.

1. When my food is chewed, it is rolled by my tongue into the oesophagus, or food-pipe, which is back of my windpipe, and leads from my mouth down along the side of my spine, to the left and upper end of my stomach.

2. My stomach is an oblong, soft, and fleshy bag, extending from my left to my right side, below my lungs and heart.

3. It is composed of three coats or membranes, and resembles tripe.

4. The _outer coat_ is smooth, thick, and tough. It supports and strengthens the stomach.

5. The _middle coat_ is fibrous. Its fibres have the power of contracting, sometimes pressing upon the food, and sometimes pushing it along toward the opening which leads out of the stomach.

6. The _inner coat_ is soft, thick, spongy, and wrinkled. It prepares a slimy substance and a fluid. The slimy substance prevents the stomach from being irritated by the food. The fluid dissolves the food.

7. Food pa.s.ses through several changes after it enters the mouth.

8. It is changed into pulp in the _mouth_, by the action of the teeth and the saliva. This is called _mastication_. It is changed in the _stomach_, by the action of the stomach and the gastric juice, into another kind of pulp called _chyme_. The chyme is changed by the bile and another kind of juice, called _pancreatic_ _juice_; these separate the nourishing from the waste substance. The nourishing, milk-like substance is called _chyle_. The waste substance pa.s.ses from the body. The chyle is poured into a vein behind the collar bone, and pa.s.ses through the heart to the lungs, where it is changed into blood.

9. If I would have a healthy stomach, I must be careful what kind of food I eat, I must be careful how much I eat, I must be careful how I eat, I must be careful when I eat.

10. I must eat wholesome food, good bread, ripe fruits, rather than rich pies or jellies.

11. I must eat enough food, but not too much.

12. I must eat slowly, I must masticate my food thoroughly, I must masticate and swallow ray food without drinking

13. I must take my food regularly but not too often, I must rest before and after eating, if possible, I must not eat just before bedtime.

14. I must breathe pure air, I must sit, stand, and walk erect, I must not drink alcoholic liquors, I must not snuff, smoke, or chew tobacco.

QUESTIONS FOR THE FORMULA.

1. Describe the process of eating.[2] See page 21.

2. Where does the food go after it is chewed?

3. Describe the stomach.

4. Of what is the stomach composed?

5. Describe the outer coat of the stomach, and tell its use.

6. Describe the middle coat of the stomach, and tell its use.

7. Describe the inner coat of the stomach, and tell its use.

8. What happens to the food after it enters the mouth?