"Empty Praise: A Generation Ill-Prepared for Real World," San Diego Union-Tribune San Diego Union-Tribune, p. B.10.2 (2005).

Gusnard, Debra A., John M. Ollinger, Gordon L. Shulman, C. Robert Cloninger, Joseph L. Price, David C. Van Essen, and Marcus E. Raicule, "Persistence and Brain Circuitry," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 100, no. 6, pp. 34763484 (2003).

Hanc.o.c.k, Dawson R., "Influencing Graduate Students' Cla.s.sroom Achievement, Homework Habits and Motivation to Learn With Verbal Praise," Educational Research Educational Research, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 8395 (2002).

Henderlong, Jennifer, and Mark R. Lepper, "The Effects of Praise on Children's Intrinsic Motivation: A Review and Synthesis," Psychological Bulletin Psychological Bulletin, vol. 128, no. 5, pp. 774795 (2002).

Henderlong Corpus, Jennifer, and Mark R. Lepper, "The Effects of Person Versus Performance Praise on Children's Motivation: Gender and Age as Moderating Factors," Educational Psychology Educational Psychology, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 487508 (2007).

Henderlong Corpus, Jennifer, Kelly E. Love, and Christin M. Ogle, "Social-Comparison Praise Undermines Intrinsic Motivation When Children Later Doubt Their Ability," Paper and poster presented at Biennial Meeting, Society for Research in Child Development, Atlanta (2005).

Henderlong Corpus, Jennifer, Christin M. Ogle, and Kelly E. Love-Geiger, "The Effects of Social-Comparison Versus Mastery Praise on Children's Intrinsic Motivation," Motivation and Emotion Motivation and Emotion, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 335345 (2006).

Izuma, Keise, Daisuke N. Saito, and Norihiro Sadato, "Processing of Social and Monetary Rewards in the Human Striatum," Neuron Neuron, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 284294 (2008).

Kennedy Manzo, Kathleen, "Student Ambition Exceeds Academic Preparation," Education Week Education Week, vol. 24, no. 30, p. 6 (2005).

Kutner, Lawrence, "Parents and Child," New York Times New York Times (June 6, 1991), p. c.2. (June 6, 1991), p. c.2.

Lepper, Mark R., David Greene, and Richard E. Nisbett, "Undermining Children's Intrinsic Interest With Extrinsic Reward: A Test of the 'Overjustification' Hypothesis," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 129137 (1973).

May, J. Christopher, Mauricio R. Delgado, Ronald E. Dahl, V. Andrew Stenger, Neal D. Ryan, Julie A. Fiez, and Cameron S. Carter, "Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Reward-Related Brain Circuitry in Children and Adolescents," Biological Psychiatry Biological Psychiatry, vol. 55, no. 4, pp. 359366 (2004).

McHoskey, John W., William Worzel, and Christopher Szyarto, "Machiavellianism and Psychopathy," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 192210 (1998).

Meyer, Wulf-Uwe, Rainer Reisenzein, and Oliver d.i.c.khauser, "Inferring Ability From Blame: Effects of Effort Versus Liking-Oriented Cognitive Schemata," Psychology Science Psychology Science, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 281293 (2004).

Mueller, Claudia M., and Carol S. Dweck, "Praise for Intelligence Can Undermine Children's Motivation and Performance," Journal for Personality and Social Psychology Journal for Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 3352 (1998).

Ng, Florrie Fei-Yin, Eva M. Pomerantz, and Shui-fong Lam, "European American and Chinese Parents' Responses to Children's Success and Failure: Implications for Children's Response," Developmental Psychology Developmental Psychology, vol. 43, no. 5, pp. 12391255 (2008).

Niiya, Yu, Jennifer Crocker, and Elizabeth N. Bartmess, "From Vulnerability to Resilience Learning Orientations Buffer Contingent Self-Esteem From Failure," Psychological Science Psychological Science, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 801805 (2004).

Peikin, David, "Praising Children for Their Intelligence May Leave Them Ill-Equipped to Cope With Failure" [Press release], American Psychological a.s.sociation, Washington DC (1998).

Phillips, Deborah, "The Illusion of Incompetence Among Academically Competent Children," Child Development Child Development, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 20002016 (1984).

Pomerantz, Eva M., Wendy S. Grolnick, and Carrie E. Price, "The Role of Parents in How Children Approach Achievement." In: Andrew J. Elliot and Carol S. Dweck (Eds.), The Handbook of Competence and Motivation The Handbook of Competence and Motivation, pp. 259278. New York: Guilford Press (2005).

Reynolds, John, Mike Stewart, Ryan MacDonald, and Lacey Sischo, "Have Adolescents Become Too Ambitious? U.S. High School Seniors' Career Plans, 1976 to 2000," Department of Sociology, Florida State University (2005).

Ryan, Richard M., and Edward L. Deci, "Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being," American Psychologist American Psychologist, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 6878 (2000).

Strickler, Jane, "What Really Motivates People?" Journal for Quality and Partic.i.p.ation Journal for Quality and Partic.i.p.ation, pp. 2628 (2006).

Swanbrow, Diane, "Shame on Us: Shaming Some Kids Makes Them More Aggressive" [Press release], University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (2008).

Thomaes, Sander, Brad J. Bushman, Hedy Stegge, and Tjeert Olthof, "Trumping Shame by Blasts of Noise: Narcissism, Self-Esteem, Shame, and Aggression in Young Adolescents," Child Development Child Development, vol. 79, no. 6, pp. 17921801 (2008).

Wagner, Barry M., and Deborah A. Phillips, "Beyond Beliefs: Parent and Child Behaviors and Children's Perceived Academic Competence," Child Development Child Development, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 13801391 (1992).

Webster, Robert L., and Harry A. Harmon, "Comparing Levels of Machiavellianism of Today's College Students With College Students of the 1960s," Teaching Business Ethics Teaching Business Ethics, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 435445 (2002).

Willingham, Daniel T., "How Praise Can Motivate-or Stifle," American Educator American Educator, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 2327, (20052006).

Chapter 2, The Lost Hour.

Acebo, Christine, Avi Sadeh, Ronald Seifer, Orna Tzischinsky, Abigail Hafer, and Mary A. Carskadon, "Sleep/Wake Patterns Derived From Activity Monitoring and Maternal Report for Healthy 1- to 5-Year-Old Children," Sleep Sleep, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 15681577 (2005).

Anderson, Patricia M., and Kristin F. Bucher, "Childhood Obesity: Trends and Potential Causes," Future of Children Future of Children, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1945 (2006).

Arcia, Emily, Peter A. Ornstein, and David A. Otto, "Neurobehavioral Evaluation System (NES) and School Performance," Journal of School Psychology Journal of School Psychology, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 337352 (1991).

Arcuri, Jim, "AASM to School-Bound: Sleep Is the Right Ingredient for Academic Success" [Press release], American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Westchester, IL (2007).

Arcuri, Jim, "Children With Sleep Disorders Symptoms Are More Likely to Have Trouble Academically" [Press release], a.s.sociated Professional Sleep Societies, LLC, Westchester, IL (2007).

Arcuri, Jim, "Sleep Deprivation Can Lead to Smoking, Drinking" [Press release], a.s.sociated Professional Sleep Societies, LLC, Westchester, IL (2007).

Bachmann, Alissa, and Erin Ax, "The Relationship Between the Prevalence of Sleep Disorders Symptoms and Academic Performance in Lower Elementary School Students," Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, vol. 30, 2007 Abstract Supplement, p. A99 (2007).

Backhaus, Jutta, Ralf Hoeckesfeld, Jan Born, Fritz Hohagen, and Klaus Junghanns, "Immediate as Well as Delayed Post Learning Sleep but Not Wakefulness Enhances Declarative Memory Consolidation in Children," Neurobiology of Learning and Memory Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, vol. 89, no. 1, pp. 7680 (2008).

Bartolic, Silvia K., Sook-Jung Lee, and Elizabeth A. Vandewater, "Relating Activity Involvements to Child Weight Status: Do Normal and Overweight Children Differ in How They Spend Their Time?," Paper presented at the Population a.s.sociation of America Annual Meeting, New York (2007).

Ba.s.s, Joseph, and Fred W. Turek, "Sleepless in America," Archives of Internal Medicine Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 165, no. 1, pp. 1516 (2005).

Beebe, D. W., D. Rose, and R. Amin, "Effect of Chronic Sleep Restriction on an Adolescents' Learning and Brain Activity in a Simulated Cla.s.sroom: A Pilot Study," Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, vol. 31, 2008 Abstract Supplement, p. A77 (2008).

Biddle, Stuart J. H., "Sedentary Behavior," American Journal of Preventive Medicine American Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 502504 (2007).

Biddle, Stuart J. H., Trish Gorely, Simon J. Marshall, and Noel Cameron, "The Prevalence of Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity in Leisure Time: A Study of Scottish Adolescents Using Ecological Momentary a.s.sessment," Preventive Medicine Preventive Medicine, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 151155 (2009).

Bogan, Lisa, Louise Herot, Amy Harris h.o.e.rmann, Catharine Kempson, Helen Martin, Janice Whitney, and Carole Young-Kleinfield, "School Start Time Study Report," League of Women's Voters, Wilton, CT (2002).

Born, Jan, "Sleep Enforces the Temporal Sequence in Memory" [Press release], Public Library of Science, University of Lubeck, Germany (2007).

Brandt, Mich.e.l.le, "Stanford Study Links Obesity to Hormonal Changes From Lack of Sleep" [Press release], Stanford University, Stanford, CA (2004).

Burtanger, Donna, "Practice Makes Perfect, if You Sleep on It" [Press release], Harvard University, Cambridge, MA (2002).

Cappuccio, Francesco P., Frances M. Taggart, Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala, Andrew Currie, Ed Peile, Saverio Stranges, and Mich.e.l.le A. Miller, "Meta-a.n.a.lysis of Short Sleep Duration and Obesity in Children and Adults," Sleep Sleep, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 619626 (2008).

Carins, A., J. Harsh, and M. LeBourgeois, "Napping in Children Is Related to Later Sleep Phase," Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, vol. 30, 2007 Abstract Supplement, p. A100 (2007).

Chaput, J-P., M. Brunet, and A. Tremblay, "Relationship Between Short Sleeping Hours and Childhood Overweight/Obesity: Results From the 'Quebec en Forme' Project," International Journal of Obesity International Journal of Obesity, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 10801085 (2006).

Chen, Xiaoli, May A. Beydoun, and Youfa w.a.n.g, "Is Sleep Duration a.s.sociated With Childhood Obesity? A Systematic Review and Meta-a.n.a.lysis," Obesity Obesity, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 265274 (2008).

Chervin, Ronald D., Kristen Hedger Archbold, James E. Dillon, Parviz Panahi, Kenneth J. Pituch, Ronald E. Dahl, and Christian Guilleminault, "Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Symptoms of Sleep-Disordered Breathing," Pediatrics Pediatrics, vol. 109, no. 3, pp. 449456 (2002).

Chervin, Ronald D., James E. Dillon, Claudio Ba.s.setti, Dara A. Ganoczy, and Kenneth J. Pituch, "Symptoms of Sleep Disorders, Inattention, and Hyperactivity in Children," Sleep Sleep, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 11851192 (1997).

Chervin, Ronald D., Deborah L. Ruzicka, Kristen Hedger Archbold, and James E. Dillon, "Snoring Predicts Hyperactivity Four Years Later," Sleep Sleep, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 885890 (2005).

Crosby, Brian, Mich.e.l.le Gryczkowski, Monique K. LeBourgeois, D. Joe Olmi, Brian Rabian, and John R. Harsh, "Mid-Sleep Time and Psychosocial Functioning in Black and White Preschool Children," Paper presented at the a.s.sociated Professional Sleep Societies' 21st Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City (2007).

Dahl, Ronald E., "The Consequences of Insufficient Sleep for Adolescents," Phi Delta Kappan Phi Delta Kappan, vol. 80, no. 5, pp. 354359 (1999).

Dahl, Ronald E., "Sleep, Learning, and the Developing Brain: Early-to-Bed as a Healthy and Wise Choice for School Aged Children," Sleep Sleep, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 14981499 (2005).

Danner, F. W., and R. Gilman, "Sleep Habits, Emotional Disturbance, and ADHD in High School Freshmen," Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, vol. 31, 2008 Abstract Supplement, p. A107 (2008).

Danner, F. W., and R. R. Staten, "Disturbed Sleep, Psychological Distress, and Life Satisfaction in a College Sample," Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, vol. 31, 2008 Abstract Supplement, p. A112 (2008).

Danner, Fred, "Sleep Deprivation and School Performance," Presentation at Academy of Professional Sleep Societies Annual Meeting, Las Vegas (2000).

Danner, Fred, and Barbara Phillips, "Adolescent Sleep, School Start Times, and Teen Motor Vehicle Crashes," Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 533535 (2008).

Danner, Frederick, "Disturbing Trends in the Sleep of 'Normal' Children and Adolescents," Paper presented at 17th annual meeting of the a.s.sociated Professional Sleep Societies, Chicago (2003).

Dollman, James, K. Ridley, T. Olds, and E. Lowe, "Trends in the Duration of School-Day Sleep Among 10- to 15-year-old South Australians Between 1985 and 2004," Acta Paediatrica Acta Paediatrica, vol. 96, no. 7, pp. 10111014 (2007).

Dragseth, Kenneth A., "A Minneapolis Suburb Reaps Early Benefits From a Late Start," School Administrator School Administrator, (March 1999). http://tinyurl.com/cuob4h Durmer, Jeffrey S., and David F. Dinges, "Neurocognitive Consequences of Sleep Deprivation," Seminars in Neurology Seminars in Neurology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 117129 (2005).

Eisenmann, Joey C., Panteleimon Ekkekakis, and Megan Holmes, "Sleep Duration and Overweight Among Australian Children and Adolescents," Acta Paediatrica Acta Paediatrica, vol. 95, no. 8, pp. 956963 (2006).

Ellenbogen, Jeffrey M., Peter T. Hu, Jessica D. Payne, Debra t.i.tone, and Matthew P. Walker, "Human Relational Memory Requires Time and Sleep," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 104, no. 18, pp. 77237728 (2007).

Fallone, Gahan, Christine Acebo, Ronald Seifer, and Mary A. Carskadon, "Experimental Restriction of Sleep Opportunity in Children: Effects on Teacher Ratings," Sleep Sleep, vol. 28, no. 12, pp. 15611567 (2005).

Fredriksen, Katia, Jean Rhodes, Ranjini Reddy, and Niobe Way, "Sleepless in Chicago: Tracking the Effects of Adolescent Sleep Loss During the Middle School Years," Child Development Child Development, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 8495 (2004).

Gavin, Kara, "Link Found Between Kids' Sleep, Behavior Problems" [Press release], University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (2002).

Gibson, Edward S., A. C. Peter Powles, Lehana Thabane, Susan O'Brien, Danielle Sirriani Molnar, Nik Trajanovic, Robert Ogilvie, Colin Shapiro, Mi Yan, and Lisa Chilcott-Tanser, " 'Sleepiness' Is Serious in Adolescence: Two Surveys of 3235 Canadian Students," BMC Public Health BMC Public Health, vol. 6, no. 116 (2006).

Graham, Mary C. (Ed.), Sleep Needs, Patterns and Difficulties of Adolescents: Summary of a Workshop Sleep Needs, Patterns and Difficulties of Adolescents: Summary of a Workshop. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Academy Press (2000).

Gregory, Alice M., Jan Van der Ende, Thomas A. Willis, and Frank C. Verhulst, "Parent-Reported Sleep Problems During Development and Self-reported Anxiety/Depression, Attention Problems, and Aggressive Behavior Later in Life," Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, vol. 162, no. 4, pp. 330335 (2008).

Gupta, Neeraj K., William H. Mueller, Wenyaw Chan, and Janet C. Meininger, "Is Obesity a.s.sociated With Poor Sleep Quality in Adolescents?" American Journal of Human Biology American Journal of Human Biology, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 762768 (2002).

Ha.s.san, F., M. M. Davis, and R. Chervin, "Insufficient Nights of Sleep and Childhood Obesity in a Nationally Representative Dataset," Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, vol. 31, 2008 Abstract Supplement, p. A64 (2008).

Hensley, Timothy K., Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, e-mails to authors (2007).

"Highlights," National Sleep Foundation, Sleep in America Poll, 2004, Washington DC (2004).

Hofferth, Sandra L., and John F. Sandberg, "How American Children Spend Their Time," Journal of Marriage and Family Journal of Marriage and Family, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 295308 (2001).

Horne, James, "Too Weighty a Link Between Short Sleep and Obesity?" Sleep Sleep, vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 595596 (2008).

Htwe, Z. W., D. Cuzzone, M. B. O'Malley, and E. B. O'Malley, "Sleep Patterns of High School Students Before and After Delayed School Start Time," Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, vol. 31, 2008 Abstract Supplement, pp. A74-A75 (2008).

Huppe, Jean-Francois, "Children Who Sleep Less Are Three Times More Likely to Be Overweight" [Press release], Universite Laval, Quebec City, Canada (2006).

Iglowstein, Ivo, Oskar G. Jenni, Luciano Molinari, and Remo H. Largo, "Sleep Duration From Infancy to Adolescence: Reference Values and Generational Trends," Pediatrics Pediatrics, vol. 111, no. 2, pp. 302307 (2003).

Kiess, W., C. Marcus, and M. Wabitsch (Eds.), Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence, Pediatric Adolescent Medicine Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence, Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, vol. 9. Switzerland: Karger, Basel (2004).

Kiess, Wieland, e-mails with authors (2007).

Krebs, Nancy F., John H. Himes, Dawn Jacobson, Theresa A. Nicklas, Patricia Guilday, and Dennis Styne, "a.s.sessment of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity," Pediatrics Pediatrics, vol. 120, Supplement, pp. S193S228 (2007).

Landhuis, Carl Erik, Richie Poulton, David Welch, and Robert John Hanc.o.x, "Childhood Sleep Time and Long-Term Risk for Obesity: A 32-Year Prospective Birth Cohort Study," Pediatrics Pediatrics, vol. 122, no. 5, pp. 955960 (2008).

LeBourgeois, Monique K., and John R. Harsh, "Racial Gaps in School Readiness: The Importance of Sleep and Rhythms?" Paper presented at the a.s.sociated Professional Sleep Societies' 21st Annual Meeting, Salt Lake City (2007).

Lim, L., S. Su, S. f.o.o.k, and P. Lee, "Sleep Deprivation Among Adolescents in Singapore," Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, vol. 31, 2008 Abstract Supplement, p. A86 (2008). vol. 31, 2008 Abstract Supplement, p. A86 (2008).

Liu, Xianchen, Erika E. Forbes, Neal D. Ryan, Dana Rofey, Tamara S. Hannon, and Ronald E. Dahl, "Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in Relation to Overweight in Children and Adolescents," Archives of General Psychiatry Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 65, no. 8, pp. 924932 (2008).

Lumeng, Julie C., Deepak Somashekar, Danielle Appugliese, Niko Kaciroti, Robert F. Corwyn, and Robert H. Bradley, "Shorter Sleep Duration Is a.s.sociated With Increased Risk for Being Overweight at Ages 9 to 12 Years," Pediatrics Pediatrics, vol. 120, no. 5, pp. 10201029 (2007).

Martin, Douglas, "Late to Bed, Early to Rise Makes a Teen-Ager... Tired," New York Times New York Times, p. 4A.24 (Aug. 1, 1999).

McKenna, Ellen, "Sleep Disorders Can Impair Children's IQs as Much as Lead Exposure" [Press release], University of Virginia Health System (2007).

McNamara, J., C. McCrae, and W. Berg, "The Impact of Sleep on Children's Executive Functioning," Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, Journal of Sleep and Sleep Disorders Research, vol. 30, 2007 Abstract Supplement, p. A79 (2007). vol. 30, 2007 Abstract Supplement, p. A79 (2007).

Mendoza, Martha, e-mails with authors (2007).

Mendoza, Martha, "Review Finds Nutrition Education Failing," a.s.sociated Press via Yahoo! News (2007).

Millman, Richard P., and Working Group on Sleepiness in Adolescents/Young Adults and AAP Committee on Adolescence, "Excessive Sleepiness in Adolescents and Young Adults: Causes, Consequences, and Treatment Strategies," Technical report, American Academy of Pediatrics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Inst.i.tute, and National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, Pediatrics Pediatrics, vol. 115, no. 6, pp. 17741786 (2005).

"National Sleep Foundation 2004 Sleep in America Summary of Findings," National Sleep Foundation, Washington DC (2004).

"National Sleep Foundation 2006 Sleep in America Poll Highlights and Key Findings," National Sleep Foundation, Washington DC (2006).

"National Sleep Foundation 2006 Sleep in America Poll Summary of Findings," National Sleep Foundation, Washington DC (2006).