_Zapus pacificus alleni_, Howell, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 21:232, May 20, 1920.

_Zapus trinotatus pacificus_, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 55:233, August 29, 1936.

_Zapus princeps alleni_, Hall, Mammals of Nevada; Univ. California Press, Berkeley, California, 579, July 1, 1946.

_Type._--Male, subadult, skin and skull, No. 80445, U. S. Nat. Mus.

Biol. Surv. Coll.; Prospect, Rogue River Valley, Jackson Co., Oregon; obtained on August 29, 1896, by Edward A. Preble, original No. 1454.

_Range._--Sierra Nevada Mt's, from Kern Peak, Tulare County, California, northeastward to Mt. Rose, Washoe County, Nevada, then northwestward through the Trinity and Salmon mountains, California, to the upper Rogue River Valley, Oregon, thence southwestward to South Yolla Bolly Mt'n, Tehama County, California. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition, Canadian, and Hudsonian.

_Description._--Size medium; color bright; back near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of black hair forming dark dorsal band; sides bright Ochraceous-Buff with fine admixture of black hair; lateral line blending with color of sides or wanting or indistinct; ventral surface white; tail bicolored, grayish-brown above, yellowish-white below, in some specimens with white tip; feet grayish-white above; ears dark, edged with Ochraceous Buff; braincase relatively narrow; incisive foramina relatively short; pterygoid fossae usually broad; proximal part of inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary broad; postpalatal notch usually broadly rounded; auditory bullae relatively small and flattened; nasals parallel sided; maxillary tooth-row short; interorbital region moderately broad.

_Comparison._--From _Zapus princeps oregonus_, _Z. p. pacificus_ differs in being brighter in all pigmented areas; more ochraceous and less yellow laterally; dorsally more ochraceous and less black; size averaging smaller; maxillary tooth-rows shorter; auditory bullae less inflated and smaller; interorbital region averaging narrower; palatal bridge averaging shorter; incisive foramina shorter and posteriorly narrower; nasals parallel rather than narrowed posteriorly.

_Remarks._--Original describers considered both _Z. pacificus_ and _Z.

alleni_ as specifically distinct from _Z. trinotatus_. Merriam (1897a:104) named _Z. pacificus_ and gave the following diagnostic characters: short rostrum and nasals; small auditory bullae; basioccipital broad between bullae. Elliot (1898:212) named _Z. alleni_ and ascribed to it the following diagnostic characters: cranium long and narrow; nasals same breadth for entire length; palate wide; pterygoid fossae wide posteriorly; auditory bullae small; basisphenoid and basioccipital wide; upper tooth-rows short. Preble (1899:27) considered _Z. alleni_ to be a subspecies of the species _Z. trinotatus_, remarking that the skulls are similar to those of _Z. trinotatus_ but smaller with much smaller bullae; in coloration the animals are lighter above and without fulvous below. Preble remarked that the skull of _Z. alleni_ differs so greatly from that of _Z. monta.n.u.s_ that comparison was not required. Preble (_op. cit._:30) treated _Z. pacificus_ as a full species. Howell (1920:233) considered _Z. pacificus_ and _Z. alleni_ to be subspecies of _Z. pacificus_. Howell (_loc. cit._) pointed out size, cranial, and color similarities between the two, and remarked that _pacificus_ is clearly distinct from _Z. monta.n.u.s_, its nearest geographic neighbor. Hall (1946:578) arranged _Z. alleni_ as a subspecies of _Z. princeps_, although not on grounds wholly satisfactory to him because actual intergrades between _alleni_ and neighboring races of _princeps_ were not available.

I here consider _Z. alleni_ to be synonymous with _Z. pacificus_; the latter is a subspecies of _Z. princeps_. Certain diagnostic characters, such as the shape and size of the os p.e.n.i.s, the diameter and pigment pattern of the hair, the over-all proportions of the skull, and the size and shape of the teeth indicate that _alleni_ and _princeps_ belong to the same species, even though animals from intermediate geographic areas are not available to show actual intergradation.

The diagnostic characters referred to in the original description of _Z.

alleni_, as given earlier in this account, agree with characters of specimens of _Z. p. pacificus_. Howell (1920:233) remarks that, in coloration and length of foot, typical _alleni_ differs but slightly from _pacificus_. Howell (_loc. cit._) noted, as I also have, that there are slight cranial differences in specimens from various parts of the range of _Z. p. pacificus_; these variations are somewhat clinal in nature, cranial dimensions showing a slight increase from south to north. The largest animals occur in western Tehama, Trinity, and Siskiyou counties, California. Samples from various localities in Jackson County, Oregon, are slightly smaller than these, but are larger than specimens from the southern Sierra Nevada.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 264, distributed as follows:

CALIFORNIA: _Alpine County_: _Carson River, 1/4 mi. SW Woodfords, 5700 ft._, 3 (MVZ); _Diamond Valley, 5500 ft., 1 mi. SE Woodfords_, 6 (MVZ); _Faith Valley_, 1 (MVZ). _El Dorado County_: _Glen Alpine Creek, near Fallen Leaf Lake, 6600 ft._, 8 (MVZ); _1 mi. W Fyffe_, 1 (MVZ); _Fresno County_: _Hume_, 1 (MVZ). _Mariposa County_: _Chinquapin, 6700 ft., Yosemite Nat'l Park_, 12 (MVZ); _E fork Indian Canyon, 7300 ft._, 8 (MVZ); _Merced Grove, Big Trees_, 7 (MVZ); _1 mi. E Merced Lake_, 5 (MVZ); _near Mono Meadow, Yosemite Nat'l Park_, 4 (MVZ); _near Mt.

Hoffman, 8100 ft., Yosemite Nat'l Park_, 5 (MVZ); _Porcupine Flat, 8100 ft., Yosemite Nat'l Park_, 9 (MVZ); _Yosemite Creek, Yosemite Valley_, 7 (MVZ); foot Yosemite Falls, Yosemite Nat'l Park, 8 (MVZ). _Mono County_: _Walker Lake, 8000 ft._, 5 (MVZ); _Swager Canyon, 7800 ft._, 3; Mono Lake P. O. 6500 ft., 4 (MVZ). _Placer Co._: Truckee River, Squaw Creek, 1 (SDM); _W bank Truckee River_, 1 (MVZ). _Plumas County_: Rich Gulch, 3850 ft., 11 mi. W and 8 mi. N Quincy, 2 (MVZ). _Shasta County_: Warner Creek, 8000 ft., La.s.sen Peak, 6 (MVZ). _Siskiyou Co._: _Donomore Meadow, 5800 ft., 15 mi. W Hilt_, 7 (MVZ); Poker Flat, 5000 ft., 12 mi. NW Happy Camp, 7 (MVZ); Little Shasta, 1 (USBS); Siskiyou Mts., 6000 ft., 2 (USBS); _Sisson_, 1 (SDM); _Mt. Shasta, 6500 ft._, 6 (MVZ). _Salmon River Divide_, 2 (MVZ); _S fork Salmon River, 5000 ft._, 7 (MVZ).

_Tehama County_: _2 mi. W Black b.u.t.te, on La.s.sen Rd., 6800 ft._, 5 (MVZ); _2 mi. E Mineral, 5200 ft._, 2 (MVZ); 2 mi. S Yolla Bolly Mtn., 11 (MVZ). _Trinity Co._: _N fork Coffee Creek, 4500 ft._, 34 (MVZ); Canyon Creek, 4 (USBS); 8 mi. NE Hyampon, 2900 ft., 1 (MVZ); _3 mi. NNW Mad River Bridge, 2900 ft., South Fork Mtn._, 5 (MVZ); _1-1/2 mi. N Mad River Bridge, 3000 ft., South Fork Mtn._, 6 (MVZ); _1 mi. SW North Yolla Bolly Mtn._, 14 (11 MVZ); _1/2 mi. S South Yolla Bolly Mtn._, 3 (MVZ).

_Tulare County_: _Jordan Hot Springs, Sierra Nevada Mts., 6700 ft._, 9 (MVZ); _Sherman Creek, Sequoia Nat'l Park_, 1 (MVZ); _Tokopah Valley, 7000 ft., Sequoia Nat'l Park_, 1 (MVZ); 2 mi. E Kern Peak, 9300 ft., Sierra Nevada Mts., 1 (MVZ). _Tuolumne County_: _head Lyle Canyon, Yosemite Nat'l Park, 10,000 ft._, 9 (MVZ); _Tuolumne Meadows, 8600 ft., Yosemite Nat'l Park_, 1 (MVZ).

NEVADA: _Douglas County_: 1/2 mi. E Zephyr Cove, Lake Tahoe, 6400 ft., 1 (MVZ). _Ormsby County_: _S end Marlette Lake, 8000 ft._, 2 (MVZ); _1/2 mi. S Marlette Lake, 8150 ft._, 3 (MVZ). _Washoe County_: _1/2 mi. S Mt Rose, 9500 ft._, 3 (2 MVZ); 3 mi. S Mt. Rose, 8500 ft., 3 (MVZ).

OREGON: _Jackson Co._: Prospect, 3 (2 USBS, 1 MVZ); _W slope Grizzly Peak, 4600 ft._, 1 (USBS); _Siskiyou_, 1 (USBS); Longs Camp, N base Ashland Peak, 3300 ft., 1 (USBS).

_Marginal records._--Oregon: Prospect. Nevada: 3 mi. S Mt. Rose, 8500 ft.; 1/2 mi. E Zephyr Cove, Lake Tahoe, 6400 ft. California: Mono Lake P. O., 6500 ft.; 2 mi. E Kern Peak, 9300 ft., Sierra Nevada Mts.; Rich Gulch, 3850 ft., 11 mi. W and 8 mi. N Quincy; Warner Creek, 8000 ft., La.s.sen Peak; 2 mi. S Yolla Bolly Mtn.; 8 mi. NE Hyampon, 2900 ft.; Siskiyou Mts., 6000 ft.; Poker Flat, 5000 ft., 12 mi. NW Happy Camp.

=Zapus princeps princeps= J. A. Allen

_Zapus princeps_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 5:71-72, April 28, 1893; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:23, August 8, 1899.

_Type._--Female, adult, skin and skull; No. 5260/4140, Amer. Mus.

Nat. Hist.; Florida, La Plata County, Colorado; obtained on June 27, 1892, by Charles P. Rowley.

_Range._--Sierra Madre, Medicine Bow, Laramie, and Big Horn mountains of Wyoming southward through Colorado into the Taos and San Juan mountains in northern New Mexico. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Transition, Canadian and Hudsonian.

_Description._--Size, medium; back dark usually with broad mid-dorsal band of black mixed with Warm Buff or Ochraceous-Buff; sides light (Warm Buff) but varying to Ochraceous-Buff, always with admixture of black hair; lateral line distinct and broad, varying from Light Ochraceous-Buff to Ochraceous-Buff; ventral surface white to base of hairs, frequently suffused with Ochraceous-Buff; tail indistinctly bicolored, tan to grayish-white below and pale brown above; hind feet grayish-white above; ears edged with white or yellowish-white; skull medium; large medial projection on inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary; palate moderately long; postpalatal notch usually broadly rounded and posterior to posterior part of last molar; proximal part of inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary broad; pterygoid fossae broad; auditory bullae moderately inflated.

_Comparisons._--From _Zapus princeps luteus_, _Z. p. princeps_ differs as follows: Total length, tail and hind foot longer; color darker, being less ochraceous; ears darker, edged with white or yellowish-white instead of Ochraceous-Buff; lateral line more distinct; skull larger, except least interorbital breadth which is smaller; auditory bullae larger, more inflated; pterygoid fossae larger; incisive foramina broader, longer, and posteriorly more truncate; nasals broader, tapering less distally.

From _Zapus princeps idahoensis_, _Z. p. princeps_ differs in: Size larger; darker with more Ochraceous-Buff; lateral line much more distinct; underparts frequently suffused with Ochraceous-Buff rather than seldom so; skull larger as regards length of palatal bridge, length of zygomatic arch, and width of proximal part of inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary; pterygoid fossae broader; medial projection on inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary large instead of reduced or absent; postpalatal notch usually anterior to, or on a plane with, posterior face of last molars rather than posterior to same.

_Remarks._--This subspecies retains most of its diagnostic characters in all parts of its geographic range. An individual from the type locality, Florida, Colorado, resembles _Zapus princeps luteus_ in color, but cranially is most nearly like _Z. p. princeps_. A specimen from Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico, a locality 25 miles north of, and in h.o.m.ogeneous habitat with, El Rito, New Mexico, from which specimens of _Z. p.

luteus_ are known, shows resemblance to the latter in some cranial characters (see account of _Zapus princeps luteus_) but is most nearly like _Z. p. princeps_ to which it is referred.

Animals from Medicine Wheel Ranch, 9000 ft., 28 mi. E Lovell, Wyoming, which are here referred to _Z. p. princeps_, show intergradation with _Zapus princeps idahoensis_, being similar in size of pterygoid fossae, breadth of postpalatal notch, and in size and degree of inflation of the auditory bullae, but differ in color and in other cranial characters.

Specimens from 2 mi. E Shriver, 6500 ft., Montana, which lack the distinct lateral line and ventral suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff, are here referred to _Z. p. idahoensis_.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 344, distributed as follows:

COLORADO: _Archuleta County_: _upper Navajo River_, 5 (CMNH); Navajo River, 6 (CMNH). _Boulder Co._: _12-1/2 mi. S Estes Park_, 2; _3 mi. S Ward_, 3; Gold Hill, 1 (USBS); _7 mi. NW Nederland's_, 2 (UM); _3 mi. E Pine Cliff_, 3 (CMNH). _Chaffee County_: _1-1/2 mi. S Monarch, 10,500 ft._, 2 (OKLA). _Conejos Co._: Antonito, 1 (USBS); _5 mi. S and 24 mi. W Antonito, 9600 ft._, 2. _Costilla Co._: _7 mi. SE Russell, 9200 ft._, 1 (MVZ); Fort Garland, 6 (USBS). _El Paso County_: Minnehaha, Half Way, 5 (UM). _Grand Co._: _Rocky Mtn. Nat'l Park_, 5 (UM). _Gunnison County_: Gothic, 10 (8 OKLA; 2 USBS); _Major Creek, foot of Monarch Pa.s.s_, 1 (OKLA). _Jackson Co._: Arapahoe Pa.s.s, Rabbit Ear Mts., 1 (USBS). _La Plata Co._: _7 mi. N Florida, Florida River, 7146 ft._, 8 (MVZ); Florida, 6500 ft., 11 (1 FM; 9 AMNH). _Larimer Co._: Elkhorn, 7000 ft., 1 (USBS); _19-1/2 mi. W and 2-1/2 mi. S Loveland, 7300 ft._, 3. _Mineral Co._: _Wa.s.son Ranch, Creede_, 1; _3 mi. E Creede_, 1; _23 mi. S and 11 mi. E Creede, 9300 ft._, 5. _Rio Blanco Co._: _9-1/2 mi. SW PaG.o.da Peak, 7700 ft._, 5; Meeker, 1 (USBS). _Rio Grande County_: _Rock Creek Camping Area_, 1 (OKLA). _Saguache Co._: Saguache Park, Cochetopa Forest, 1 (USBS); _22 mi. W Saguache_, 1 (MVZ); _20 mi. S Saguache, Cochetopa Pa.s.s_, 1 (USBS). _San Juan County_: 6-1/2 mi. SW Silverton, 4.

NEW MEXICO: _Rio Arriba Co._: Tierra Amarilla, 1 (USBS). _Taos Co._: _Hondo Canyon, 8200 ft., west slope Taos Mts._, 1 (USBS); east slope Taos Mts., 8800 ft., 1 (USBS).

WYOMING: _Albany County_: 32 mi. N and 12-1/2 mi. E Laramie, 6080 ft., 1; _30 mi. N and 10 mi. E Laramie, 6760 ft._, 1; _29 mi. N and 8-3/4 mi.

E Laramie, 6420 ft._, 6; _2 mi. S Browns Peak, 10,600 ft._, 2; _3 mi.

ESE Browns Peak, 10,000 ft._, 8; _8 mi. E and 4 mi. S Laramie, 8600 ft._, 2; _8 mi. E and 6 mi. S Laramie, 8500 ft._, 1; _1 mi. ESE Pole Mtn., 8350 ft._, 2; _1-1/2 mi. ESE Pole Mtn., 8200 ft._, 1; _2 mi. SE Pole Mtn., 8300 ft._, 3; Centennial, 8120 ft., 1. _Big Horn County_: Medicine Wheel Ranch, 9000 ft., 28 mi. E Lovell, 36; _12 mi. E and 2 mi.

N Sh.e.l.l, 7500 ft._, 13; _17 mi. E and 3 mi. S Sh.e.l.l, 9000 ft._, 1; _17-1/2 mi. E and 4-1/2 mi. S Sh.e.l.l, 9100 ft._, 6. _Carbon County_: Bridgers Pa.s.s, 18 mi. SW Rawlins, 7500 ft., 6; _Lake Marie, Medicine Bow Nat'l Forest, 10,400 ft._, 6; _14 mi. E and 6 mi. S Saratoga_, 5; _10 mi. N and 10 mi. E Encampment, 8000 ft._, 1; _10 mi. N and 12 mi. E Encampment, 7200 ft._, 2; _10 mi. N and 14 mi. E Encampment, 8000 ft._, 28; _9 mi. N and 3 mi. E Encampment_, 2; _8 mi. N and 8 mi. E Encampment, 8900 ft._, 1; _8 mi. N and 14 mi. E Encampment, 8400 ft._, 5; _8 mi. N and 14-1/2 mi. E Encampment, 8100 ft._, 12; _8 mi. N and 16 mi. E Encampment, 8400 ft._, 6; _8 mi. N and 22 mi. E Encampment, 10,000 ft._, 1; _8 mi. N and 19-1/2 mi. E Savery, 8800 ft._, 12; _8 mi. N and 20 mi. E Savery, 8800 ft._, 1; _7-1/2 mi. N and 18 mi. E Savery, 8400 ft._, 2; _7-1/2 mi. N and 18-1/2 mi. E Savery, 8400 ft._, 1; _7 mi. N and 18 mi. E Savery, 8400 ft._, 2; _6 mi. N and 13-1/2 mi. E Savery, 8400 ft._, 6; _6 mi. N and 14 mi. E Savery, 8350 ft._, 6; 4 mi. N and 8 mi. E Savery, 7300 ft., 1. _Converse County_: 21 mi. S and 24 mi. W Douglas, 7400 ft., 6; _21 mi. S and 24-1/2 mi. W Douglas, 7400 ft._, 3; _21-1/2 mi. S and 24-1/2 mi. W Douglas, 7600 ft._, 15; _22-1/2 mi. S and 24-1/2 mi. W Douglas, 7600 ft._, 1; _23 mi. S and 25 mi. W Douglas, 7800 ft._, 7. _Johnson County_: _6-1/2 mi. W and 2 mi. S Buffalo, 5700 ft._, 4; _5-1/2 mi. W and 1-1/2 mi. S Buffalo, 5520 ft._, 3; _5-1/2 mi. W and 1 mi. S Buffalo, 4800 ft._, 1; 1 mi. W and 4/5 mi. S Buffalo, 4800 ft., 1. _Laramie County_: 5 mi. W and 1 mi. N Horse Creek P. O., 3. _Natrona County_: _2 mi. W and 7 mi. S Casper, 6370 ft._, 2. _Washakie County_: 9 mi. E and 5 mi. N Tensleep, 7400 ft., 2; 9 mi. E and 4 mi. N Tensleep, 7000 ft., 5.

_Marginal records._--Wyoming: Medicine Wheel Ranch, 9000 ft., 28 mi. E Lovell; 21 mi. S and 24 mi. W Douglas, 7400 ft.; 5 mi. W and 1 mi. N Horse Creek P. O. Colorado: Gold Hill; Minnehaha. New Mexico: E slope Taos Mts.; Tierra Amarilla. Colorado: Florida; 6-1/2 mi. SW Silverton; Meeker. Wyoming: Bridgers Pa.s.s, 18 mi. W Rawlins, 7500 ft.

=Zapus princeps saltator= J. A. Allen

_Zapus saltator_ J. A. Allen, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 12:3-4, March 4, 1899; Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:31, August 8, 1899.

_Zapus princeps_, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:23, August 8, 1899 (part--the part from Glacier, British Columbia).

_Zapus hudsonius_, Kermode and Anderson, Rep. Prov. Mus. Nat. Hist.

for 1913:21, 1914.

_Zapus princeps saltator_, Hall, Univ. California Publ. Zool., 37:10, April 10, 1931.

_Type._--Female, subadult, skin and skull, No. 14408, Amer. Mus. Nat.

Hist.; Telegraph Creek, British Columbia; obtained on August 23, 1897, by A. J. Stone.

_Range._--Southern Yukon and southeastern Alaska south in British Columbia, to Bella Coola Inlet and Glacier. See fig. 46. Zonal range: Canadian and Hudsonian.

_Description._--Size medium; back near Ochraceous-Buff, overlaid with black hairs forming dark dorsal band thickly flecked with ochraceous; sides lighter than back; lateral line usually distinct; belly pure white, sometimes faintly suffused with Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, dark above and grayish-white below; hind feet grayish-white above; ears dark, edged with yellowish-white or Ochraceous-Buff; incisive foramina long, broad posteriorly; palatal bridge relatively short; postpalatal notch anterior to posterior border of last molars; proximal part of inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary without enlarged median projection; zygomatic arch short.

_Comparisons._--For comparison with _Zapus princeps kootenayensis_ and _Zapus princeps idahoensis_ see accounts of those subspecies.

_Remarks._--The geographic range of _Z. p. saltator_, as here understood, includes several localities heretofore considered to be within the geographic ranges of neighboring subspecies. Specimens from Indianpoint Lake, 15 mi. N of Barkerville, British Columbia, for example, which Hall (1934:379) considered nearer _Z. p. princeps_, are here referred to _Z. p. saltator_, with which they closely agree in cranial measurements and color of pelage. One individual from Glacier, British Columbia, thought to be _Z. p. princeps_ by Preble (1899:32), is here considered to show intergradation between _Z. p. kootenayensis_ and _Z. p. saltator_ but is more nearly like _Z. p. saltator_ to which it is here referred. Intergradation between _Zapus princeps idahoensis_ and _Z. p. saltator_ is noted, in color and in shape and size of the incisive foramina, in a specimen from Vermilion Crossing, Kootenay, British Columbia. The majority of cranial characters show these animals to be referable to _Z. p. idahoensis_. Specimens from Mt. Revelstoke, 3400 ft., British Columbia, show intergradation in shape of auditory bullae, in breadth of pterygoid fossae, and in shape and size of antorbital foramina between _Z. p. idahoensis_ and _Z. p. saltator_.

Resemblance in pelage and in the majority of cranial characters indicates that these specimens are best referred to _Z. p. saltator_.

_Specimens examined._--Total, 187, distributed as follows:

ALASKA: Taku River, 1 (MVZ).