=113. Boxed Summaries and Features.=--When a story is unusually long and complicated and the number of details numerous, or when important points or facts need particular emphasis, it is customary to make a digest of the princ.i.p.al items and box them in display type before the regular lead. Boxed summaries at the beginning of a story are really determined by the city editor and the copy readers, but a grouping of the outstanding facts for boxing is often a welcome suggestion and a valuable help to the sub-editors. If the reporter is in doubt about the need of a boxed summary, he may make it on a separate sheet and place it on the city editor's desk along with the regular story. Types of stories that most frequently have boxed summaries are accidents, with lists of the dead and the injured in bold-face type; important athletic and sporting events, with summaries of the records, the crowds in attendance, the gate receipts, etc.; speeches, trials, and executions, with epigrams and the most important utterances of the judges, lawyers, witnesses, or defendants; international diplomatic letters, with the main points of discussion or most threatening statements; lengthy governmental reports, etc. An ill.u.s.tration of the boxed summary is the following, featuring the last statement of Charles Becker, the New York police lieutenant, electrocuted in 1915 for the death of Herman Rosenthal:

=POLICE OFFICER PAYS PENALTY WITH HIS LIFE= +----------------------------------------------------+

"MY DYING STATEMENT."

"Gentlemen: I stand before you in my full senses,

knowing that no power on earth can save me from the

grave that is to receive me. In the face of that,

in the face of those who condemn me, and in the

presence of my G.o.d and your G.o.d, I proclaim my

absolute innocence of the foul crime for which I

must die.

"You are now about to witness my destruction by the

state which is organized to protect the lives of

the innocent. May almighty G.o.d pardon everyone who

has contributed in any degree to my untimely death.

And now on the brink of my grave, I declare to the

world that I am proud to have been the husband of

the purest, n.o.blest woman that ever lived,--Helen

Becker.

"This acknowledgment is the only legacy I can leave

her. I bid you all good-bye. Father, I am ready to

go. Amen."

"CHARLES BECKER."

+----------------------------------------------------+

Ossining, N. Y., July 30.--At peace with his Maker,

a prayer on his lips, but with never a faltering of

his iron will, Charles Becker expiated the murder of

Herman Rosenthal at 5:55 this morning. Pinned on his

shirt above his heart, he carried with him the

picture of his devoted wife. In his hand he clutched

the crucifix.

The death current cut off in his throat the whisper,

"Jesus have mercy." It was not the plea of a man

shaken and fearful of death, but rather the prayer

of one with the conviction that he was innocent.

Just before he entered the death chamber he declared

to Father Curry, "I am not guilty by deeds,

conspiracy or any other way of the death of

Rosenthal. I am sacrificed for my friends."

Previously at 4 A.M. he issued "My Dying Statement."

It was a pa.s.sionate reiteration of innocence, and is

left as his only legacy to his wife: "I declare to

the world that I am proud to have been the husband

of the purest, n.o.blest woman that ever lived,--Helen

Becker."

Absolute quiet reigned in the death house at 5.50

A.M. Suddenly the little green door swung open.

Becker appeared. He had no air of bravado. Behind

him in the procession came Fathers Cashin and Curry.

Becker walked una.s.sisted to the death chamber. As he

entered he glanced about, seemingly surprised. His

face had the expression of a person coming from

darkness into sudden light, but there was no hint of

hesitancy to meet death in the stride with which he

approached the chair which had already claimed the

lives of four others in payment for the Rosenthal

murder.

The doomed man held a black crucifix in his left

hand. It was about ten inches long, and as he calmly

took his place in the chair, he raised it to his

lips. Following the chant of the priests, he

entoned, "Oh, Lord, a.s.sist me in my last agony. I

give you my heart and my soul."

When all was ready, the executioner stepped back and

in full view of the witnesses calmly shut the

switch. As the great current of electricity shot

into the frame of the former master of gunmen, the

big body straightened out, tugging at the creaking

straps. For a few moments it stretched out. A slight

sizzling was heard and a slight curl of smoke went

up from the right side of Becker's head, rising from

under the cap. When the shock was at its height, his

grip tightened to the crucifix, but as the

electrocutioner snapped the switch off the cross

slipped from the relaxed fingers. A guard caught it.

The whole body dropped to a position of utter

collapse.

Becker's shirt was then opened. As the black cloth

was turned back to make way for the stethoscope, the

picture of Mrs. Becker was revealed. It was pinned

inside. The doctors pushed it aside impatiently,

evidently not knowing what it was. They held

stethoscopes to the heart. Another shock was

demanded of the cool young executioner. He stepped

back and swung the switch open and shut again. The

crumpled body clutched the straps again. Once more

the doctors felt his heart. They seemed to argue

whether there was still evidence of life. Once again

the executioner was appealed to and once again he

snapped on and off the switch. The lips then parted

in a smile. The stethoscope was applied and it was

declared that Becker was dead....[12]

[12] George R. Holmes, of the United Press a.s.sociations, in _The Appleton Post_, July 30, 1915.

=114. Informal Lead.=--The opposite of the summarizing lead is the informal, or suspense, lead. This type begins with a question, a bit of verse, a startling quotation, or one or two manifestly unimportant details that tell little and yet whet the appet.i.te of the reader, luring him to the real point of interest later in the story. Such leads, sometimes known as "human interest" leads, are admittedly more difficult than those of the summarizing type, their difficulty being but one effect of the cause which makes them necessary. An examination of a large number of these leads shows that their purpose is to make attractive news that for some cause is lacking in interest. Most frequently the news is old; often it is merely commonplace; or possibly it may have come from such a distance that it lacks local interest. In such cases the aid of the informal lead is invoked for the purpose of stimulating the reader's interest and inducing him to read the whole story. And this explains the difficulty of the informal lead. Its originality must compensate for the poverty of the news it presents. It must be more attractive, more striking, more piquant than the ordinary lead. And the only ways of obtaining this attractiveness, this piquancy, are by novelty of approach and of statement.[13]

[13] For an additional discussion of the informal lead, see Chapter XIX.

=115. Question Lead.=--A few ill.u.s.trations of informal leads will make clearer their exact nature. First may be cited the question lead, two examples of which are given below, with enough of the story appended in each case to show the method of enticing the reader into the story.

How long can the war last?

It's a fool question, because there is no certain

answer. But when there is an unanswerable question,

it is the custom to look up precedents. Here are a

few precedents....

If you planned to wed in September and married in

July just to suit your own convenience, would you be

provoked if your dear neighbors immediately seated

themselves and wove a beautiful romance out of it?

Grace Elliott Bomarie, daughter of Mr. and Mrs.

Charles Elliott Bomarie, of 930 Lawrence Avenue, and

sister of Bessie Bomarie, former famous champion

golf player, was not angry to-day. Instead she

laughed the merriest kind of a laugh over the

telephone and said:

"Call me up in half an hour and I will tell you all

about it."

But she didn't. On the recall (that's the proper

word in this day of equal suffrage), she was not at

home. Mrs. Bomarie was, and said:

"Please just say that Mr. and Mrs. Charles Elliott

Bomarie announce the marriage of their daughter,

Grace Elliott, to Mr. Albert Wingate."

=116. Verse Lead.=--The lead beginning with a bit of verse is more difficult than the question lead because of the uncertainty with which most persons write metrical lines. The following may serve as a fairly successful attempt:

=U. S. JACKIES WANT MAIL=

Perhaps you've seen a jolly tar

A-pushing at the capstan bar

Or swabbing off the deck,

And figured that a life of ease

Attends the jackie on the seas

Who draws a U. S. check.

His lot, it seems, is not quite so;

Just hear this plaintive plea of woe

That comes from off the BUFFALO.

The sailors rise to raise a wail

Because they say they get no mail.

Will some Milwaukee misses in their spare moments do

Uncle Sam a favor by writing letters to cheer up

some of his downhearted nephews in the navy?

The boys are just pining away from lonesomeness,

owing to the fact that no one writes to them. At

least this is the sorrowful plea of G. H. Jones, a

sailor aboard the U. S. S. BUFFALO, who writes THE

SENTINEL from San Francisco as follows:

Girls--Why not use some of your idle moments in

writing to us? I have been in the navy five years

and have never received any mail. G. H. Jones,

U. S. S. Buffalo, San Francisco, Cal.[14]

[14] _Milwaukee Sentinel_, August 7, 1914.

=117. Extraordinary Statement in Lead.=--An extraordinary statement made by a person in a speech, an interview, or a trial scene is often used in the informal lead. If, however, the quoted statement is so long or of such a nature that it summarizes the whole story, it places the lead, of course, not in the informal cla.s.s, but in the normal summarizing group.

The following ill.u.s.trates well the extraordinary statement:

=FRIEND WIFE WENT TOO FAR=

Mr. David Elliott,

Chicago.

Sir:

You can go to the d----l, and the quicker the

better.

Sincerely,

Your Wife.

This is the letter in which David Elliot thinks his

wife "went too far." He produced it before Judge

David Matchett Sat.u.r.day in a suit for divorce.

=118. Suspense Lead.=--The most difficult to handle of all the informal leads is the suspense lead, where the writer purposely begins with unimportant but enticing details and lures the reader on from paragraph to paragraph, always holding out a half-promise of something worth while if one will continue a bit further. In this way the reader is tempted to the middle or end of the story before he is told the real point of the article. A difficult type of lead, this, but forceful when well handled.

Pierre L. Corbin, 60 years old, of Eatontown, who

runs a dairy and drives his own milk wagon, matched

the speed of his horse against that of a New Jersey

Central train yesterday morning at 7 o'clock in a

race to the crossing at Eatontown. It was a tie.

Both got there at the same time.[15]

[15] _New York Times_, August 27, 1915.

There are two ways of patching a pair of

trousers,--neatly and bluey; and probably no tailor

in Manhattan is as certain of it to-day as Sigmund

Steinbern. So he stated to the police yesterday when

a customer sat him down on his lighted gas stove,

and so he insisted last night when friends called to

see him at the Washington Heights Hospital.

Furthermore, to say nothing of moreover, he is a

tailor of standing, or will be for the next couple

of weeks, and he knows his place. It is not, he

feels, upon a gas stove.

To friends who called at the hospital to ask Mr.

Steinbern exactly what had happened to him, he said,

by way of changing the subject, that he has a sign

in his store upon which the following appears:

EVERYTHING DONE IN A HURRY

There, he contends, lies the seed of the trouble.

Regarding the seat of the trouble, more anon....[16]

[16] _New York Herald_, December 21, 1915.

=119. Tone.=--No matter which of the two types of lead one uses, whether the summarizing or the informal, one point further needs attention in the writing,--the value of constructing such a lead as will suggest the tone of the story. Half the leads that one reads in the daily papers do not possess this touchstone of superiority, but all the leads to the big stories have it. If the article is to be pathetic, tragic, humorous, mildly satirical, the lead should suggest it; and the reporter will find that in proportion as he is able to imbue his lead with the story-tone he aims at in his writing, so will be the success of his story. This topic is discussed further in the next chapter, but the reader may consider at this point the two following leads, in which one plainly promises a story of pathos and tragedy; the other, half-serious humor:

_DIED_--Claus, Santa, in the American Hospital,

Christmas morning, aged 11._

Santa Claus, who wasn't such an old fellow after

all, overslept on the great morning. He had gone to

bed plain Vern Olson--not in a toy shop at the North

Pole, but in a little room behind his widowed

mother's delicatessen shop at 111 South Robey

Street.

The cause of the high cost of living has been

discovered. It's pie,--plain pie. Teeny Terss, who

runs a Greek restaurant on Hodel Street, made the

announcement to-day.

=120. Conclusion.=--Of the two types of lead, the beginner is advised to attempt at first only the summary lead, relying on the excellence of the news to carry the story. This kind of lead is definite. A reporter always can know when his lead answers the questions _who_, _what_, _when_, _where_, _why_, and _how_. And if he has presented his facts clearly in the lead, he may feel a certain degree of a.s.surance that he has been successful. In writing the informal lead, on the contrary, one can never be positive of anything or of any effect. (And it is a particular effect for which the reporter always must strive in the informal lead.) Climax and suspense are such elusive spirits that if a writer but give evidence he is seeking them, he immediately loses them.

The only safe plan for the novice, therefore, is to confine himself at first exclusively to the summarizing lead. Then as his hand becomes sure, he may take ventures with the elusive, informal, or suspense, lead.

X. THE BODY OF THE STORY

=121. Inaccuracy and Dullness.=--If the reporter has written a strong lead for his story, he need have small worry about what shall follow, which usually is little more than a simple narration of events in chronological order, with interspersions of explanation or description.

If a wise choice and arrangement has been made in the organization of details, the part of the story following the lead will all but tell itself. The reporter's care now must be to maintain the interest he has developed in the lead and to regard the accuracy of succeeding statements. There are just two crimes of which a newspaper man may be guilty,--inaccuracy and dullness. And the greater of these is inaccuracy.

=122. Accuracy.=--When a reporter is publishing a choice bit of scandal or a remarkable instance of disregarded duty, it is an easy thing, for the sake of making the story a good one, or for lack of complete information, to draw on the imagination or to jump too readily at conclusions, and so present as facts not only what may be untrue, but what often later proves entirely false. The ease of the thing is argued by the frequency with which it is done. Such a reporter does a threefold harm: he compels his paper to humiliate itself later by publishing the truth; he causes the public to lose confidence in his journal; and he does irreparable injury to unknown, innocent persons. The day following the _Eastland_ disaster in 1915, one Chicago paper ran the list of dead up to eighteen hundred. A week later the same paper was forced to put the number at less than nine hundred. A rival publication in the same city kept its estimate consistently in the neighborhood of nine hundred, with the resultant effect to-day of increased public confidence in its statements. In another city of the Middle West judgment for $10,000 has recently been granted a complainant because one of the city staff made a rash statement about the plaintiff's "illicit love." The reporter was discharged, of course, but that did not repair the damage or reimburse the paper.

=123. Law of Libel.=--Every newspaper man, as a matter of business, should know the law of libel. It varies somewhat in different states, but the following brief summary may be taken as a working basis until the reporter can gain an opportunity to study it in his own state. In the first place, the law holds responsible not only the owners of the journal, but the publisher, the editor, the writer of the offending article, and even any persons selling the paper, provided it can be proved that they were aware of the matter contained in the publication.

What const.i.tutes libel is equally far-reaching. It is any published matter that tends to disgrace or degrade a person generally, or to subject him to public distrust, ridicule, or contempt. Any written article that implies or may be generally understood to imply reproach, dishonesty, scandal, or ridicule of or against a person, or which tends to subject such a person to social disgrace, public distrust, hatred, ridicule, or contempt, is libelous. Even the use in an article of ironical or sarcastic terms indicating scorn or contempt is libelous, because such expressions are calculated to injure the persons of whom they are spoken. And if an article contains several expressions, each of which is libelous, each may be a separate cause for legal action. Nor is it a defense to prove that such rumors were current, that such statements were previously published, or even that the writer did not intend the remarks to do injury. If it can be proved that the article has done injury, the writer and his paper are guilty of libel and must pay damages in accordance with the enormity of the offense.

=124. Avoidance of Libel.=--When it becomes necessary to make a statement about a person that may be unpleasing to him, the writer should give the name of the one making the charge or a.s.sertion, or else avoid making a specific charge by inserting _it is alleged_, _it is rumored_, _it is charged,_ or some such limiting phrase. Note the following story of the arrest of two shop-girls and how skilfully the reporter avoids charging them with theft:

=CHARGE TWO WITH SHOPLIFTING=

Edna K. Whitter and Minnie Jensen, saleswomen in a

New Haven store, are under arrest charged with

shoplifting.

The former is said to have confessed after goods

valued at more than $1,000 were found in her room.

She is said to have implicated Miss Jensen, who

denies the charge.

Desire to dress elaborately is alleged to have

caused the young women to steal. Miss Jensen is the

daughter of a farmer. Investigations by detectives,

it is said, may result in more arrests....

Whenever possible, it is well to avoid _it is said_, _it is rumored_. A story reads more convincingly when the reporter's authority is given.

And the statement of the authority places the responsibility where it belongs.

=125. Exaggeration.=--One word further about the _Eastland_ disaster and loss of public confidence resulting from exaggerated stories. Upon the news article itself there is a very definite effect of such exaggeration,--that mere extravagance of statement often defeats its own end. It is of first importance in writing that one's statements command the confidence of the reader. If a reporter writes that the wreck he has just visited was the greatest in the history of railroading, or the bride the most beautiful ever joined in the bonds of holy wedlock before a hymeneal altar, or the flames the most lurid that ever lit a midnight sky, the reader merely snickers and turns to a story he can believe.

The value of understatement cannot be overestimated. Probably the majority of the people of the United States are suspicious anyway of the truth of what they read in the newspapers. Hence, if one must sin on the side of accurate valuation of news, let him err in favor of understatement rather than exaggeration. Then when he is forced by actual facts to resort to huge figures, his readers will believe him.

Such a policy, consistently adhered to, will always win favor for a paper and a reporter. And that the best papers have learned this is proved by the fact that they no longer tolerate inaccuracy of statement or unverified information in their columns.

=126. "Editorializing."=--One other caution must be given in the cause of accuracy, that of the necessity of presenting news from an unbiased standpoint, of eliminating as far as possible the personal equation,--in other words, of avoiding "editorializing." The news columns are the place for the colorless presentation of news. No attempt is, or should be, made there to influence public opinion. That function is reserved for the editorial columns, and the reporter must be careful not to let his personal views color the articles he writes. The following story was written for a small Wisconsin paper by a rabid political reporter:

=THOMAS MORRIS IN TOWN=

Thomas Morris, lieutenant governor of this state and

candidate for the United States senate, was in

Appleton this morning and spent the day in Outagamie

county shaking hands with those who would. But few

would shake. He wanted to speak while here, but the

enlightened citizens of this city were right in not

letting him. Peter Tubits was his chief pilot

through the county.

Needless to say, this story was not printed.

=127. Newspaper Policies.=--Even though it may seem--and in a measure is--in contradiction to what has just been said about accuracy and editorializing, it is nevertheless necessary before pa.s.sing the subject to comment on the necessity of a reporter's observing a paper's editorial policies,--to say, in other words, that all news is not unbiased. For instance, if a newspaper is undertaking a crusade against midwives or p.a.w.nshops or certain political leaders, it gives those inst.i.tutions or those persons little or no credit for the good they accomplish, nor does it feature impartially in its news articles their good and bad acts. Yet such inst.i.tutions or persons must have accomplished much good to arrive at the rank or position they now hold, and must continue to be of service to retain their standing. The following story, which appeared in a paper crusading against p.a.w.nshops and pistol carrying, is an ill.u.s.tration of what is meant by biased news:

=JILTED, ENDS LIFE WITH A GUN=

Israel Weilman was in love. Three months ago the

girl told him she would not marry him. Last night

Weilman left his quarters at 875 Banker Street and

went to the home of Rebecca Schussman, 904 South

Pueblo Avenue, where his room-mate and cousin, David

Isaacs, was calling.

"Here are the keys to the room," he told his cousin,

"I will not be home to-night."

Then Weilman departed. A few minutes later a shot

was heard in the alley back of the Schussman home.

They found Weilman dead with a bullet wound through

his heart. Beside him was a new "American bulldog"

revolver, retailing for $1.50. In his pocket was a

ticket of sale from the Angsgewitz p.a.w.nshop. The

profit on this style of weapon is about 25 cents.

Ill.u.s.trations of prejudiced political news may be found daily in any newspaper.

=128. Observing a Paper's Policies.=--It is necessary, therefore, to modify the preceding statements about unbiased news. Those a.s.sertions express the millennial dream, colorless news, that American journalism is always approaching as an ideal, but has not yet reached. From the same a.s.sociated Press dispatch a Georgia and a Pennsylvania daily can produce stories respectively of success and dissension in the Democratic party. From the same cable bulletin a Milwaukee and a New York paper can obtain German victory and English repulse of repeated Teutonic attacks.

Not only _can_, but _do_. It is only fair to the would-be reporter, therefore, to tell him that at times in his journalistic career he may be permitted to see snow only through a motorist's yellow goggles. The modern newspaper is a business organization run for the profit or power of the owners, with the additional motive in the background of possible social uplift,--social uplift as the owners see it. They determine a paper's policies, and a reporter must learn and observe those policies if he expects to succeed.

=129. Following Commands.=--Observance of this injunction is particularly valuable in stories relating to political and civic measures. If one is on a paper with Republican affiliations, one may be forced to hear and report a G. O. P. governor's speech with an elephant's ears and trumpet,--or with a moose's ears and voice if the journal is Progressive. It makes no difference what the reporter's personal feeling or party preferences may be. On such papers he must follow precisely the commands of the managing editor or the city editor and must feature sympathetically or severely what they request. Usually an intelligent sympathy with the general policy of the paper is sufficient for a reporter, no matter how conscientious. It is only rarely that he is trammeled with being forced to write contrary to his convictions. But at those times when such commands are given, he must see and write as requested or seek another position.

=130. Consistency of Policy.=--On the other hand, suppose in policies affecting the official standing of a newspaper every reporter saw and presented events from his own distorted angle. How consistent would a modern newspaper be? And how long could it hold the respect or patronage of its readers?

=131. Clearness.=--Next in importance to accuracy comes interest. A story must be interesting to be read. Every paragraph must be clear. Its relation to every other paragraph must be evident, and the story as a whole must be presented so that it may be understood and enjoyed by the reader with as small expenditure of mental effort as possible. Ideas that are connected in thought, either by virtue of their sequence in time or for other reasons, must be kept together, and ideas that are separated in thought must be kept apart. If the story is one covering considerable length of time, care must be taken to keep the different incidents separated in point of time so that the reader may understand readily the relation of the different events to each other. The tenses of the verbs, too, must be kept consistent, logical. One cannot shift at will from past time to the present, and vice versa. If the story is a follow-up of an event that occurred before to-day and has been written up before, the body of the story should contain a sufficient summary of the preceding events to make the details readily clear to all readers,--even though the lead may already have included a connecting link. The summary of events in the lead must necessarily have been brief; the review in the body of the story may be presented at greater length.

=132. Coherence.=--A valuable aid in gaining clearness is a proper regard for coherence, for obtaining which there are four ways within a story: (1) by arrangement of the facts and statements in a natural sequence of ideas; (2) by use of p.r.o.nouns; (3) by repet.i.tion; and (4) by use of relation words, phrases, and clauses. Discussion has already been given, in Chapter VIII, on the organization of material, of the necessity of logical arrangement of the story. If one has made a proper grouping there, one will have taken the first step, and the surest, toward adequate coherence. Of the three remaining methods, probably the greatest newspaper men are strongest in their use of p.r.o.nouns, such as _these_, _those_, _that_, _them_, etc. They also avail themselves freely of a skillful repet.i.tion of words,--the third method, which stands almost, but not quite equal to the use of p.r.o.nouns in effectiveness and frequency. The following fire story exhibits a happy repet.i.tion of words for holding the ideas in easy sequence. Note in it the skillful repet.i.tion of _firemen_, _fire_, _whiskey_, _building_, _casks_, _ca.n.a.l_.

=$750,000 WORTH OF WHISKEY BURNS=

Firemen had to fight a ca.n.a.l full of blazing whiskey

here to-day when a fire broke out in the building of

the Distillery Company, Ltd. Twelve thousand casks

of liquor were stored in the building. The

conflagration spread rapidly and the explosion of

the casks released the whiskey, which made a burning

stream of the ca.n.a.l.

Firemen pumped water from the bottom of the ca.n.a.l

and played it on the blazing surface. The loss is

estimated at $750,000.

=133. Relation Words.=--In other kinds of writing there is a tendency to use relation words, phrases, and clauses freely between sentences and paragraphs. But in news writing the paucity of such expressions for subconnection--_moreover_, _finally_, _on the other hand_, _in the next place_, _now that we have mentioned the cause of the divorce_--is noteworthy. Editors and the news-reading public demand that the ideas follow each other so closely and that the style be so compressed in thought that there shall be small need of connectives between sentences.

It is this demand, plus a desire for emphasis, that is responsible for the so-called bing-bing-bing style of writing, of which the following is a fair ill.u.s.tration: