[1271] S. Feist points out that two physical types were recognised in antiquity, one dark and one fair, and reference to red hair and fair skin suggests Celtic infusion. _Kultur, Ausbreitung und Herkunft der Indogermanen_, 1913, p. 365.

[1272] _Science Progress_, p. 159.

[1273] "The Portuguese are much mixed with Negroes more particularly in the south and along the coast. The slave trade existed long before the Negroes of Guinea were exported to the plantations of America. Damio de Goes estimated the number of blacks imported into Lisbon alone during the 16th century at 10,000 or 12,000 per annum. If contemporary eye-witnesses can be trusted, the number of blacks met with in the streets of Lisbon equalled that of the whites. Not a house but had its negro servants, and the wealthy owned entire gangs of them" (Reclus, I.

p. 471).

[1274] "The Spanish People," _Cont. Rev._ May, 1907, and _The Soul of Spain_, 1908.

[1275] T. E. Peet, _Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy and Sicily_, 1909, gives a full account of the archaeology.

[1276] "Zur Palaoethnologie Mittel- u. Sudeuropas" in _Mitt. Wiener Anthrop. Ges._ 1897, p. 18. It should here be noted that in his _History of the Greek Language_ (1896) Kretschmer connects the inscriptions of the Veneti in north Italy and of the Messapians in the south with the Illyrian linguistic family, which he regards as Aryan intermediate between the Greek and the Italic branches, the present Albanian being a surviving member of it. In the same Illyrian family W. M. Lindsay would also include the "Old Sabellian" of Picenum, "believed to be the oldest inscriptions on Italian soil. The manifest ident.i.ty of the name _Aodatos_ and the word _meitimon_ with the Illyrian names [Greek: Audata] and _Meitima_ is almost sufficient of itself to prove these inscriptions to be Illyrian. Further the whole character of their language, with its Greek and its Italic features, corresponds with what we know and what we can safely infer about the Illyrian family of languages" (_Academy_, Oct. 24, 1896). Cf. R. S. Conway, _The Italic Dialects_, 1897.

[1277] R. Munro, _Bosnia, Herzegovina and Dalmatia_, 1900. See also W.

Ridgeway, _The Early Age of Greece_, 1901, ch. V., showing that remains of the Iron Age in Bosnia are closely connected with Hallstatt and La Tene cultures.

[1278] _Arii e Italici_, p. 158 sq.

[1279] "Liguri e Pelasgi furono i primi abitatori d'Italia; e Liguri sembra siano stati quelli che occupavano la Valle del Po e costrussero le palafitte, e Liguri forse anche i costruttori delle palafitte svizzere: Mediterranei tutti" (_Ib._ p. 138).

[1280] Ripley's chart shows a range of from 87 in Piedmont to 76 and 77 in Calabria, Puglia, and Sardinia, and 75 and under in Corsica. _The Races of Europe_, 1900, p. 251.

[1281] But cf. W. Ridgeway, _Who were the Romans?_ 1908.

[1282] The true name of these southern or Macedo-Rumanians, as pointed out by Gustav Weigland (_Globus_, LXXI. p. 54), is _Aramani_ or _Armani_, _i.e._ "Romans." _Tsintsar_, _Kutzo-Vlack_, etc. are mere nicknames, by which they are known to their Macedonian (Bulgar and Greek) neighbours. See also W. R. Morfill in _Academy_, July 1, 1893.

The Vlachs of Macedonia are described by E. Pears, _Turkey and its People_, 1911, and a full account of the Balkan Vlachs is given by A. J.

B. Wace and M. S. Thompson, _The Nomads of the Balkans_, 1914.

[1283] _Romanische Studien_, Leipzig, 1871.

[1284] _Les Roumains au Moyen Age, pa.s.sim._ Hunfalvy, quoted by A. J.

Patterson (_Academy_, Sept. 7, 1895), also shows that "for a thousand years there is no authentic mention of a Latin or Romance speaking population north of the Danube."

[1285] This view is held by L. Rethy, also quoted by Patterson, and the term _Vlack_ (_Welsch_, whence Wallachia) applied to the Rumanians by all their Slav and Greek neighbours points in the same direction.

[1286] T. Peisker, "The Asiatic Background," _Camb. Med. Hist._ Vol. I.

1911, p. 356, and "The Expansion of the Slavs," _ib._ Vol. II. 1913, p.

440.

[1287] _Mitt. Wiener Anthrop. Ges._ 1897, p. 18.

[1288] _Dawn of Civilization_, p. 391.

[1289] _The Ancient History of the Near East_, 1913, p. 69.

[1290] Hall notes (p. 73) that "it is to the Thesprotian invasion, which displaced the Achaians, that, in all probability, the general introduction of iron into Greece is to be a.s.signed. The invaders came ultimately from the Danube region, where iron was probably first used in Europe, whereas their kindred, the Achaians, had possibly already lived in Thessaly in the Stone Age, and derived the knowledge of metal from the Aegeans. The speedy victory of the new-comers over the older Aryan inhabitants of Northern Greece may be ascribed to their possession of iron weapons." Ridgeway, however, has little difficulty in proving that the Achaeans themselves were tall fair Celts from Central Europe. _The Early Age of Greece_, 1901, especially chap. IV., "Whence came the Acheans?" The question is dealt with from a different point of view by J. L. Myres, in _The Dawn of History_, 1911, chap. IX., "The Coming of the North," tracing the invasion from the Eurasian steppes.

[1291] H. R. Hall, _loc. cit._ p. 68; cf. H. Peake, _Journ. Roy. Anth.

Inst._ 1916, p. 154.

[1292] C. H. Hawes, "Some Dorian Descendants," _Ann. Brit. School Ath._ No. XVI. 1909-10, proves that the Dorian or Illyrian (Alpine) type still persists in South Greece and Crete.

[1293] _Geschichte der Halbinsel Morea, Stuttgart_, 1830. See also G.

Finlay's _Mediaeval Greece_, and the _Anthrop. Rev._ 1868, VI. p. 154.

[1294] _Romanische Studien_, 1871.

[1295] _Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop._ 1896, p. 351 sq.

[1296] By a sort of grim irony the word has come to mean "slave" in the West, owing to the mult.i.tudes of Slavs captured and enslaved during the medieval border warfare. But the term is by many referred to the root _slovo_, word, speech, implying a people of intelligible utterance, and this is supported by the form _Slovene_ occurring in Nestor and still borne by a southern Slav group. See T. Peisker, "The Expansion of the Slavs," _Camb. Med. Hist._ Vol. II. 1913, p. 421 _n._ 2.

[1297] IV. 21.

[1298] These Budini are described as a large nation with "remarkably blue eyes and red hair," on which account Zaborowski thinks they may have been ancestors of the present Finns. But they may also very well have been belated proto-Germani left behind by the body of the nation _en route_ for their new Baltic homes.

[1299] Cf. p. 304.

[1300] _Scythians and Greeks_, 1909.

[1301] The meaning of Wend is uncertain. It has led to confusion with the Armorican _Veneti_, the Paphlagonian _Enetae_, and the Adriatic _Enetae-Venetae_, all non-Slav peoples. Shakhmatov regards it as a name inherited by Slavs from their conquerors, the Celtic Venedi, who occupied the Vistula region in the 3rd or 2nd centuries B.C. See T.

Peisker, "The Expansion of the Slavs," _Camb. Med. Hist._ Vol. II. 1913, p. 421 _n._ 2.

[1302] That is, the Elbe Slaves, from _po_=by, near, and _Labe_=Elbe; cf. _Pomor_ (Pomeranians), "by the Sea"; Borussia, Porussia, Prussia, originally peopled by the _Pruczi_, a branch of the Lithuanians Germanised in the 17th century.

[1303] _Carpath_, _Khrobat_, _Khorvat_ are all the same word, meaning highlands, mountains, hence not strictly an ethnic term, although at present so used by the _Crovats_ or _Croatians_, a considerable section of the Yugo-Slavs south of the Danube.

[1304] See note 5, p. 537.

[1305] That is, "Highlanders" (root _alb_, _alp_, height, hill). From _Albanites_ through the Byzantine _Arvanites_ comes the Turkish _Arnaut_, while the national name _Skipetar_ has precisely the same meaning (root _skip_, _scop_, as in [Greek: skopelos], scopulus, cliff, crag).

[1306] There are about twenty of these _phis_ or _phar_ (phratries) amongst the Ghegs, and the practice of exogamous marriage still survives amongst the Mirdites south of the Drin, who, although Catholics, seek their wives amongst the surrounding hostile Turkish and Muhammadan Gheg populations.

[1307] J. Deniker, "Les Six Races composant la Population actuelle de l'Europe," _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ x.x.xIV. 1904, pp. 182, 202.

[1308] _Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop._ VII. 1896.

[1309] Hence Virchow (Meeting Ger. Anthrop. Soc. 1897) declared that the extent and duration of the Slav encroachments in German territory could not be determined by the old skulls, because it is impossible to say whether a given skull is Slav or not.

[1310] Especially Lubor Niederle, for whom the proto-Slavs are unquestionably long-headed blonds like the Teutons, although he admits that round skulls occur even of old date, and practically gives up the attempt to account for the transition to the modern Slav.

[1311] "The Racial Geography of Europe," in _Popular Science Monthly_, June, 1897.

[1312] _Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop._ 1896, p. 81 sq.

[1313] _Bul. Soc. d'Anthrop._ 1894, p. 36.

[1314] _Droit Coutumier Ossethien_, 1893.

[1315] Quoted by Ujfalvy, _Les Aryens_ etc. p. 11.