[893] A popular and well-ill.u.s.trated account of Huichols and Tarascos, as also of the Tarahumare farther north, is given by Carl Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_, 2 vols. New York, 1902.

[894] Cf. Hans Gadow, _Through Southern Mexico_, 1908, map p. 296, also p. 314.

[895] Quoted by De Nadaillac, p. 365.

[896] p. 363.

[897] _17th Ann. Rep. Bur. Am. Eth. 1895-6_, Pt. 1 (1898), p. 11.

[898] _The Hill Caves of Yucatan_, New York, 1903.

[899] H. Beuchat, _Manuel d'Acheologie americaine_, 1912, p. 407.

[900] "In the city of Mexico everything has a Spanish look"

(Brocklehurst, _Mexico To-day_, p. 15). The Aztec language however is still current in the surrounding districts and generally in the provinces forming part of the former Aztec empire.

[901] C. Lumholtz, _Unknown Mexico_, II. p. 480; cf. pp. 477-80.

[902] Sylva.n.u.s Griswold Morley, "An Introduction to the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphs," _Bur. Am. Eth. Bull. 57_, 1915, pp. 2-5.

[903] E. Reclus, _Universal Geography_, XVII. p. 156.

[904] T. A. Joyce, _Central American and West Indian Archaeology_, 1916, pp. 157, 256-7. An admirable account is given of the material culture and mode of life of these peoples at the time of the discovery.

[905] The rapid disappearance of the Cuban aborigines has been the subject of much comment. Between the years 1512-32 all but some 4000 had perished, although they are supposed to have originally numbered about a million, distributed in 30 tribal groups, whose names and territories have all been carefully preserved. But they practically offered no resistance to the ruthless Conquistadores, and it was a Cuban chief who even under torture refused to be baptized, declaring that he would never enter the same heaven as the Spaniard. One is reminded of the a.n.a.logous cases of Jarl Hakon, the Norseman, and the Saxon Witikind, who rejected Christianity, preferring to share the lot of their pagan forefathers in the next world.

[906] H. Beuchat, pp. 507-11, 526-8.

[907] Paper read before the National Academy of Sciences, America, 1890.

[908] T. A. Joyce, p. 2, who deals with the archaeology, as far as it is known as yet, of Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. Cf. especially linguistic map at p. 30 for distribution of tribes.

[909] T. A. Joyce, _South American Archaeology_, 1912, p. 7.

[910] "The travels of P. de Cieza de Leon" (Hakluyt Soc. 1864, p. 50 f.).

[911] Sir C. R. Markham, "List of Tribes," etc., _Journ. Roy. Anth.

Inst._ XI. 1910, p. 95. "This idea was widespread, and many Amazonian peoples declared they preferred to be eaten by their friends than by worms."

[912] Quoted by Steinmetz, _Endokannibalismus_, p. 19.

[913] C. Darwin, _Journal of Researches_, 1889, p. 155. Thanks to their frequent contact with Europeans since the expeditions of Fitzroy and Darwin, the Fuegians have given up the practice, hence the doubts or denials of Bridges, Hyades, and other later observers.

[914] V. Martius, _Zur Ethnographie Brasiliens_, 1867, p. 430.

[915] Herbert Spencer, _The Principles of Ethics_, 1892, I. p. 330.

[916] The national name was _Muysca_, "Men," "Human Body," and the number twenty (in reference to the ten fingers and ten toes making up that score). _Chibcha_ was a mimetic name having allusion to the sound _ch_ (as in Charles), which is of frequent recurrence in the Muysca language. With man = 20, cf. the Bellacoola (British Columbia) 19 = 1 man - 1; 20 = 1 man, etc.; and this again with Lat. _undeviginti_.

[917] W. Bollaert, _Antiquarian, Ethnological, and other Researches in New Granada_, etc. 1860, _pa.s.sim_.

[918] T. A. Joyce, _South American Archaeology_, 1912, p. 28.

[919] _Ibid._ p. 44.

[920] T. A. Joyce, _loc. cit._ pp. 18-22.

[921] Markham locates it in the province of Paruro, department of Cuzco; Hiram Bingham, director of the Peruvian Expeditions of the Nat. Geog.

Soc. and Yale University, identifies it with Machu Picchu (_Nat. Geog.

Mag.,_ Washington, D. C., Feb. 1915, p. 172).

[922] H. Beuchat, pp. 573-5. For culture sequences in the Andean area see P. A. Means, _Proc. Nineteenth Internat. Congress of Americanists,_ 1917, p. 236 ff., and _Man_, 1918, No. 91.

[923] _Anthropologie Bolivienne_, 3 vols. Paris, 1907-8.

[924] An admirable account of the material culture of Peru is given by T. A. Joyce, _South American Archaeology_, 1912, cap. VI.

[925] _Peru_, p. 120.

[926] De Nadaillac, _Pre-Historic America_, 1885, p. 438.

[927] Alonzo de Ercilla's _Araucana_.

[928] T. A. Joyce, _South American Archaeology_, 1912, p. 243; R. E.

Latham, "Ethnology of the Araucanos," _Journ. Roy. Anth. Inst._ x.x.xIX.

1909, p. 355.

[929] Latham, p. 356.

[930] _Ibid._ pp. 344-50.

[931] In the _a.n.a.les de la Universidad de Chile_ for 1897.

[932] T. A. Joyce, p. 240.

[933] Properly _Griegos_, "Greeks," so called because supposed to speak "Greek," _i.e._ any language other than Spanish.

[934] _Urbewohner Brasiliens_, 1897, pp. 69, 110, 125.

[935] _Unter den Naturvolkern Zentral-Brasiliens_, 1894, pp. 441-3, 468 ff.

[936] _Quarterly Journal of Swiss Naturalists_, Zurich, 1896, p. 496 ff.; cf. T. A. Joyce, _South American Archaeology_, 1912, pp. 241-2.

[937] _L'Homme Americain_, II. p. 70.

[938] They were replaced or absorbed partly by the Patagonians, but chiefly by the Araucanian Puelche, who many years ago migrated down the Rio Negro as far as El Carmen and even to the coast at Bahia Blanca.

Hence Hale's Puelche were in fact Araucanians with a Patagonian strain.

[939] _Mission Scientifique de Cap Horn_, VII., par P. Hyades et J.