[336] Besides the earlier works of H. H. Romilly, _The Western Pacific and New Guinea_, 1886, _From My Verandah in New Guinea_, 1889; J.

Chalmers, _Work and Adventure in New Guinea_, 1885; O. Finsch, _Samoafahrten: Reisen in Kaiser Wilhelms-Land und Englisch Neu-Guinea_, 1888; C. M. Woodford, _A Naturalist Among the Head-hunters_, 1890; J. P.

Thompson, _British New Guinea_, 1892; and R. H. Codrington, _The Melanesians_, 1891, the following more recent works may be consulted:--A. C. Haddon, _Head-hunters, Black, White, and Brown_, 1901, and _Reports of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits_, 1901- ; R. Parkinson, _Dreissig Jahre in der Sudsee_, 1907; G.

A. J. van der Sande, _Nova Guinea_, 1907; B. Thompson, _The Fijians_, 1908; G. Brown, _Melanesians and Polynesians_, 1910; F. Speiser, _Sudsee Urwald Kannibalen_, 1913.

[337] _Eth._ Ch. XII.

[338] But excluding Celebes, where no trace of Papuan elements has been discovered.

[339] For details see F. H. H. Guillemard, _Australasia_, Vol. II. and Reclus, Vol. XIV.

[340] S. J. Hickson, _A Naturalist in North Celebes_, 1889, p. 203.

[341] A. C. Haddon, "The Pygmy Question," Appendix B to A. F. R.

Wollaston's _Pygmies and Papuans_, 1912, p. 304.

[342] "A la Recherche des Negritos," etc., in _Tour du Monde_, New Series, Livr. 35-8. The midden was 150 ft. round, and over 12 ft. high.

[343] E. H. Man, _Journ. Anthr. Inst._ Vol. XI. 1881, p. 271, and XII.

1883, p. 71.

[344] _Ib._ p. 272.

[345] Close to Barren is the extinct crater of _Narcondam_, i.e.

_Narak-andam_ (_Narak_ = h.e.l.l), from which the _Andaman_ group may have taken its name (Sir H. Yule, _Marco Polo_). Man notes, however, that the Andamanese were not aware of the existence of Barren Island until taken past in the settlement steamer (p. 368).

[346] _Folk-Lore_, 1909, p. 257. See also the criticisms of W. Schmidt, "Puluga, the Supreme Being of the Andamanese," _Man_, 2, 1910, and A.

Lang, "Puluga," _Man_, 30, 1910; A. R. Brown, _The Andaman Islands_ (in the Press).

[347] "The Andaman languages are one group; they have no affinities by which we might infer their connection with any other known group" (R. C.

Temple, quoted by Man, _Anthrop. Jour._ 1882, p. 123).

[348] R. C. Temple, quoted by Man, _Anthrop. Jour._ 1882, p. 123.

[349] W. W. Skeat and C. D. Blagden, _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_, 1906.

[350] R. Martin, _Die Inlandstamme der Malayischen Halbinsel_, 1905.

[351] N. Annandale and H. C. Robinson, "Fasciculi Malayensis,"

_Anthropology_, 1903.

[352] W. W. Skeat and C. D. Blagden, _loc. cit._

[353] The Sakai have often been cla.s.sed among Negritoes, but, although undoubtedly a mixed people, their affinities appear to be pre-Dravidian.

[354] Cf. A. C. Haddon, "The Pygmy Question," Appendix B to A. F. R.

Wollaston's _Pygmies and Papuans_, 1912, p. 306.

[355] _In Court and Kampong_, 1897, p. 172.

[356] Senoi grammar and glossary in _Jour. Straits Branch R. Asiat.

Soc._ 1892, No. 24.

[357] See L. Wray's paper "On the Cave Dwellers of Perak," in _Jour.

Anthrop. Inst._ 1897, p. 36 sq. This observer thinks "the earliest cave dwellers were most likely the Negritoes" (p. 47), and the great age of the deposits is shown by the fact that "in some of the caves at least 12 feet of a mixture of sh.e.l.ls, bones, and earth has been acc.u.mulated and subsequently removed again in the floors of the caves. In places two or three layers of solid stalagmite have been formed and removed, some of these layers having been five feet in thickness" (p. 45).

[358] See on this point Prof. Blumentritt's paper on the Manguians of Mindoro in _Globus_, LX. No. 14.

[359] One Aeta woman of Zambales had a nasal index of 140.7. W. Allen Reed, "Negritoes of Zambales," _Department of the Interior: Ethnological Survey Publications_, II. 1904, p. 35. For details of physical features see the following:--D. Folkmar, _Alb.u.m of Philippine Types_, 1904; Dean C. Worcester, "The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern Luzon," _The Philippine Journal of Science_, I. 1906; and A. C. Haddon, "The Pygmy Question," Appendix B to A. F. R. Wollaston's _Pygmies and Papuans_, 1912.

[360] _The Philippine Islands_, etc., London and Hongkong, 1890.

[361] _Op. cit._ p. 210.

[362] _Voyage aux Philippines_, etc., Paris, 1886.

[363] A. F. R. Wollaston, _Pygmies and Papuans_, 1912; C. G. Rawling, _The Land of the New Guinea Pygmies_, 1913.

[364] _The Mafulu Mountain People of British New Guinea_, 1912.

[365] _Nova Guinea_, VII. 1913, 1915.

[366] A. C. Haddon, "The Pygmy Question," Appendix B to A. F. R.

Wollaston's _Pygmies and Papuans_, 1912, pp. 314-9.

[367] It is not certain however that this method is known to the Semang, and it occurs among peoples who are not Negrito, such as the Kayan of Sarawak, and in other places where a Negrito element has not yet been recorded.

[368] The term pygmy is usually applied to a people whose stature does not exceed 1.5 m. (4 ft. 11 in.).

[369] W. J. Sollas, _Ancient Hunters_, 1915, and W. Turner, "The Aborigines of Australia," _Trans. R. Soc. Edin._ 1908, XLVI. 2, and 1910, XLVII. 3.

[370] Paper in Brough Smyth's work, II. p. 413.

[371] H. Ling Roth, _The Aborigines of Australia_ (2nd ed.), 1899, Appendix Lx.x.xVIII., and "Tasmanian Firesticks," _Nature_, LIX. 1899, p.

606.

[372] W. J. Sollas, _Ancient Hunters_, 1915, pp. 90, 106 ff.

[373] _Nature_, XCII. 1913, p. 320.

[374] W. J. Sollas, _Ancient Hunters_, 1915, pp. 104-5.

CHAPTER VI

THE SOUTHERN MONGOLS