557 "one common country": CW, 8:220221.

557 two separate countries: Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895), ser. 1, vol. 46, pt. 3, p. 297.

557 meet with them: CW, 8:282.

557 "one in authority": Ibid.

557 "so much husk": Sandburg, 4:45.

557 would be taken: Because there was no agenda and because no notes were taken, it is not possible to re-create the exact sequence of the topics discussed. The following pages draw on Lincoln's brief report to Congress (CW, 8:284285); on Stephens's account in A Const.i.tutional View of the Late War Between the States (Philadelphia: National Publishing Co., 1870), 2:599619; on Hunter's report to Jefferson Davis, in Dunbar Rowland, ed., Jefferson Davis: Const.i.tutionalist (Jackson: Mississippi Department of Archives and History, 1923), 8:133136; and on Campbell's accounts in Reminiscences and Doc.u.ments Relating to the Civil War During the Year 1865 (Baltimore: John Murphy & Co., 1887), pp. 819, and in Southern Historical Society Papers, new ser., 4 (Oct. 1917): 4552. For a collation of these and other statements concerning the discussion, see Julian S. Carr, The Hampton Roads Conference (Durham, N.C.: 1917).

559 "ended without result": CW, 8:284285.

559 "in active exercise": Southern Historical Society Papers, new ser., 4 (Oct. 1917): 48; Stephens, Const.i.tutional View, 2:610611.

559 "of judicial tribunals": Browning, Diary, 1:694.

559 "of the Union": Ibid., 1:699.

560 "slavery as stated": Stephens, Const.i.tutional View, 2:617; Rowland, Jefferson Davis: Const.i.tutionalist, 8:134; Southern Historical Society Papers, new ser., 4 (Oct. 1917): 51.

560 was ratified: CW, 8:260261.

560 "and property destroyed": John G. Nicolay, interview with John P. Usher, Oct. 11, 1877, Nicolay MSS, LC.

561 "[the offer was] made": Welles, Diary, 2:237.

561 "come from us": Francis Fessenden, Life and Public Services of William Pitt Fessenden (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1907), 2:78.

561 "disapproved by them ": CW, 8:260261.

562 the Southern states: For an excellent account of Ashley's bill and the proposed compromise between the President and Congress, see Belz, Reconstructing the Union, chap. 9.

562 "an immense political act": Charles Sumner to Francis Lieber, [Dec. 1864], Sumner MSS, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

562 "refuse to vote": Hay, Diary, pp. 244246.

562 "pa.s.s this Congress": Belz, Reconstructing the Union, pp. 264265.

562 "and not ours": Michael Les Benedict, A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction, 18631869 (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1974), p. 93.

563 throughout the nation: On the problems connected with the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, see J. G. Randall, Const.i.tutional Problems Under Lincoln (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1951), pp. 396401.

563 "on all sides": LaWanda c.o.x, Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1981), makes a powerful argument for Lincoln's quiet support of Negro suffrage. See esp. pp. 117119, 129130.

564 "He is dictator": Benedict, A Compromise of Principle, p. 85.

564 "St. Paul's time": Donald, Sumner, p. 203.