541 "call you blessed": Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 211.

541 "advocated his cause": Segal, Conversations, pp. 345347.

541 abolitionists had often: These paragraphs draw heavily from James M. McPherson's admirable study, The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1964), esp. chap. 12.

542 "to the emanc.i.p.ated": William Lloyd Garrison, 18051879: The Story of His Life Told by His Children (New York: Century Co., 1889), 4:117.

542 "us the churches": CW, 7:350351.

542 "and to liberty": CW, 7:368.

542 "all on one side": James H. Moorhead, American Apocalypse: Yankee Protestants and the Civil War (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1978), pp. 156157.

542 women of letters: For an excellent a.n.a.lysis of the changing views of Northern intellectuals and literary figures, see George M. Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York: Harper & Row, 1965).

542 "never in history": Ralph L. Rusk, The Life of Ralph Waldo Emerson (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1949), p. 426.

542 "will be saved": Samuel Longfellow, ed., Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1886), 3:47.

542 "in a net": Forrest Wilson, Crusader in Crinoline: The Life of Harriet Beecher Stowe (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1941), pp. 484485.

542 "who could hesitate!": John B. Pickard, ed., The Letters of John Greenleaf Whittier (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 1975), 3:77.

543 "and his G.o.d": Paul Revere Frothingham, Edward Everett: Orator and Statesman (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1925), pp. 461463.

543 "a practical statesman": James Russell Lowell, "The Next General Election," North American Review 99 (Oct. 1864): 570; Horace E. Scudder, James Russell Lowell: A Biography (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1901), 2:56.

543 evening of October 11: The following paragraphs draw on Hay's very full account in Hay, Diary, pp. 227230.

543 "give up my office": The Works of Charles Sumner (Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1883), 15:66.

543 to his column: CW, 8:46.

544 "if they do": Strong, Diary, p. 501.

544 "greed for spoils": John G. Nicolay to John Hay, Oct. 19, 1864, Nicolay MSS, LC.

544 "those votes himself": Zornow, p. 202.

544 "half filled seats": Henry D. Cooke to John Sherman, Nov. 8, 1864, Sherman MSS, LC.

544 went off smoothly: Zornow, chap. 16, offers the best a.n.a.lysis of the voting. There is also much excellent material in William B. Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948), chap. 17, which, however, overestimates the importance of the soldier vote.

545 "pretty sure-footed": Hay, Diary, pp. 233234.

CHAPTER TWENTY: WITH CHARITY FOR ALL