489 throughout the country: Chase, Diary, pp. 192196.

489 "on the public works": CW, 6:357.

489 "or hang them": Mary Mann to E. A. Hitchc.o.c.k, Nov. 18, 1863, Hitchc.o.c.k MSS, LC.

489 "act for revenge": J. G. Randall, Const.i.tutional Problems Under Lincoln (rev. ed.; Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1951), pp. xvi-xvii.

489 raid against Richmond: James Rodney Wood, Civil War Memoir, Maud Wood Park MSS, LC; Joseph George, Jr., "'Black Flag Warfare': Lincoln and the Raids Against Richmond and Jefferson Davis," Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 115 (July 1991): 292318; William A. Tidwell et al., Come Retribution: The Confederate Secret Service and the a.s.sa.s.sination of Lincoln (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1988), pp. 242247. For the orders allegedly found on Dahlgren's body, see Frank Moore, The Rebellion Record (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1865), 8:387388.

490 Army of the Potomac: Allan Nevins, ed., A Diary of Battle: The Personal Journals of Colonel Charles S. Wainwright, 18611865 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962), p. 308.

490 "if he fails": CW, 6:518.

490 "are pressing him": CW, 6:354.

490 "it's objective point": CW, 6:467.

490 "would catch him?": John G. Nicolay, Diary, Dec. 7, 1863, Nicolay MSS, LC.

491 "gnawing at Grant": Ida M. Tarbell, The Life of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1909), 2:187189. For a thorough evaluation of Grant's position on the nomination, see John Y. Simon, ed., The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982), 9:541544.

491 of George Washington: Winfield Scott had held the rank of brevet lieutenant general.

491 return to the President: Bruce Catton, Grant Takes Command (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1969), pp. 124126; Nicolay, Lincoln's Secretary, pp. 194196; New York Herald, Mar. 12, 1864.

491 "will sustain you": CW, 7:234.

492 "for the succession": Dennison to AL, Mar. 12, 1864, Lincoln MSS, LC.

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: IT WAS NOT BEST TO SWAP HORSES

William F. Zornow, Lincoln and the Party Divided (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954), has long been the standard account of the political campaign of 1864. David E. Long, The Jewel of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln's Re-Election and the End of Slavery (Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1994), appeared too late for me to consult it in writing this chapter. T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and His Generals (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), is excellent on Lincoln's relations with Grant. Why the South Lost the Civil War, by Richard E. Beringer et al. (Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia Press, 1986), offers a fresh view of Grant's strategy. On Lincoln's growing conflict with Congress over reconstruction, Herman Belz, Reconstructing the Union: Theory and Practice During the Civil War (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1969), is indispensable. I have greatly profited by the opportunity to read draft chapters of Michael Vorenberg's dissertation on "The Thirteenth Amendment and the Politics of Emanc.i.p.ation," which is being prepared at Harvard University.

493 "the re-election of Mr. Lincoln": Zornow, p. 55.

493 "foregone conclusion": James G. Blaine to Hannibal Hamlin, Mar. 8, 1864, Hamlin MSS, microfilm, Columbia University.

493 "people overwhelmingly": Thompson Campbell to E. B. Washburne, Mar. 8, 1864, Washburne MSS, LC.

494 "on the surface": Lyman Trumbull to H. G. McPike, Feb. 6,1864, Trumbull MSS, LC.

494 "goes for Lincoln": A. Denny to John Sherman, Mar. 16, 1864, Sherman MSS, LC; E. F. Drake to John Sherman, Mar. 17, 1864, Sherman MSS, LC.

494 "to change them": "National Convention-Postponement Requested," broadside, Mar. 25,1864, Lincoln MSS, LC.

494 "traits of character": Joseph Medill to E. B. Washburne, Apr. 12,1864, Washburne MSS, LC.

494 "for the office": E. D. Webster to W. H. Seward, Mar. 14, 1864, Seward MSS, UR.