463 "beauty and goodness": Allen Thorndike Rice, ed., Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln (New York: North American Review, 1888), p. 511.

463 "nothing at all": CW, 7:17.

463 of Lincoln's "pasquinades": J. W. Schulte Nordholt, "The Civil War Letters of the Dutch Amba.s.sador," JISHS 54 (Winter 1961): 366367.

463 "the human race": George E. Baker, ed., The Works of William H. Seward (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1884), 5:490.

463 morning of the nineteenth: Frank L. Klement, "'These Honored Dead': David Wills and the Soldiers' Cemetery at Gettysburg," LH 74 (Fall 1972): 123135, offers an excellent, detailed account of the dedication ceremonies.

464 "was an oration": Hay, Diary, p. 121.

464 "as happens generally": Edward Everett, Diary, Nov. 19,1863, Everett MSS, Ma.s.sachusetts Historical Society.

464 "his masterly effort": Benjamin Brown French, Witness to the Young Republic, ed. Donald B. Cole and John J. McDonough (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1989), p. 435.

465 interrupted by applause: For a collection of twenty-nine diverse and contradictory firsthand accounts, see Barton, Lincoln at Gettysburg, chap. 21. There has been an enormous amount of pen-swinging on these subjects, none of which has the slightest historical significance.

465 "speech won't scour!": Ward Hill Lamon, Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, 18471865, ed. Dorothy Lamon Teillard (Washington, D.C.: 1911), p. 173. Lamon's detailed account of the Gettysburg ceremonies (pp. 169179) is highly unreliable, but the quoted sentence does sound like Lincoln.

465 "as was ever spoken": For newspaper reactions, see Barton, Lincoln at Gettysburg, chap. 16; LL, no. 1284 (Nov. 16,1953); Warren, Lincoln's Gettysburg Declaration, pp. 145146.

465 "known as the Const.i.tution": New York World, Nov. 27, 1863.

466 "'are created equal'": Herbert Mitgang, ed., Abraham Lincoln: A Press Portrait (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971), pp. 359361.

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: THE GREATEST QUESTION EVER PRESENTED TO PRACTICAL STATESMANSHIP

The best account of Lincoln's reconstruction policy is Herman Belz's Reconstructing the Union (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1969), but there is good material in two older studies: Charles H. McCarthy's Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction (New York: McClure, Phillips & Co., 1901), and William B. Hesseltine, Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction (Tuscaloosa, Ala.: Confederate Publishing Co., 1960). On Lincoln's campaign for renomination, I have relied heavily on William Frank Zornow, Lincoln and the Party Divided (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1954). Excellent, but sometimes conflicting, accounts of reconstruction in Louisiana are Peyton McCrary, Abraham Lincoln and Reconstruction: The Louisiana Experiment (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978); LaWanda c.o.x, Lincoln and Black Freedom: A Study in Presidential Leadership (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1981); and Ted Tunnell, Crucible of Reconstruction: War, Radicalism and Race in Louisiana, 18621867 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984).

467 "practical statesmanship": Hay, Diary, p. 73.

468 "vast absorbent powers": Ibid., p. 134.

468 "be carried out on a chip": John G. Nicolay, Diary, Dec. 6, 1863. Nicolay MSS, LC.

468 "not trustworthy": Welles, Diary, 1:481.

469 "government in the war": CW, 6:555.

469 Radicals and Conservatives: Hay, Diary, pp. 123124, 131.

470 "whites, and freedmen": Charles Sumner, Works (Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1880), 7:493546, esp. 541.

470 "policy of the President": Montgomery Blair, Speech... on the Revolutionary Schemes of the Ultra Abolitionists (Oct. 3, 1863).

470 "feel the public pulse": T. J. Barnett to S. L. M. Barlow, Oct. 6, 1863, Barlow MSS, HEH.