343 of ultimate extinction: Robert W. Johannsen, ed., The Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 265.

343 "to our armies": Browning, Diary, 1:477478.

343 of Henry Clay: Lincoln's ideas on colonization were actually closer to Jefferson's than to Clay's. Like Jefferson, Lincoln always advocated voluntary emigration, while Clay endorsed forcible deportation of blacks. Marvin R. Cain, "Lincoln's Views on Slavery and the Negro: A Suggestion," The Historian 26 (Aug. 1964): 502520.

343 "congenial to them": CW, 5:48.

344 the race problem: Of the many studies of Lincoln and colonization, I have found the following most useful: Warren A. Beck, "Lincoln and Negro Colonization in Central America," ALQ 6 (Sept. 1950): 162183; Gabor S. Boritt, "The Voyage to the Colony of Linconia: The Sixteenth President, Black Colonization, and the Defense Mechanism of Avoidance," Historian 37 (Aug. 1975): 619632; N. A. N. eleven, "Some Plans for Colonizing Liberated Negro Slaves in Hispanic America," Journal of Negro History 11 (Jan. 1926): 3549; Walter A. Payne, "Lincoln's Caribbean Colonization Plan," Pacific Historian 7 (May 1963): 6572; Paul J. Scheips, "Lincoln and the Chiriqui Colonization Project," Journal of Negro History 37 (Oct. 1952): 418453; and Michael Vorenberg, "Abraham Lincoln and the Politics of Black Colonization," Journal of the Abraham Lincoln a.s.sociation 14 (Summer 1993): 2345. A fascinating essay by William W. Freehling, "'Absurd' Issues and the Causes of the Civil War: Colonization as a Test Case," in his Reintegration of American History: Slavery and the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), pp. 138157, suggests that colonization was not an entirely impracticable scheme.

344 to Central America: George M. Fredrickson, The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 18171914 (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), pp. 148149.

344 "among us" was inevitable: Francis Preston Blair, Sr., to AL, Nov. 16, 1861, Lincoln MSS, LC.

344 together in peace: Montgomery Blair to AL, Nov. 21, 1861, Lincoln MSS, LC.

344 were fully verified: N. W. Edwards to AL, Aug. 9, 1861, Lincoln MSS, LC.

344 "by the prospects": S. P. Chase to AL, Nov. 12, 1861, Lincoln MSS, LC.

345 "has pa.s.sed by": Edward Everett Hale, Memories of a Hundred Years (New York: Macmillan Co., 1904), 2:190191.

345 introduced as bills: CW, 5:2829; George P. Fisher, typed essay on "The Trial of John H. Surratt for the Murder of President Lincoln," Fisher MSS, LC.

345 "with human freedom": Donald, Sumner, p. 47.

346 "lat.i.tudes and countries": Frederick J. Blue, Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1987), pp. 8384.

346 filed away unused: Salmon P. Chase, draft of a proposed presidential message on compensated emanc.i.p.ation, Mar. 6, 1862, Lincoln MSS, LC.

346 matter of policy: For an astute review of the relationship between the two men, see John Niven, "Lincoln and Chase, a Reappraisal," Journal of the Abraham Lincoln a.s.sociation 12 (1991): 115.

346 "of his dept.". Hay, Diary, p. 145.

346 "anything about 'money'".: Gabor S. Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream (Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1978), p. 203.

346 "it in to-day": Donald, Sumner, p. 51.

347 "may follow it": CW, 5:144146.

347 "the right place": San Francisco, Daily Alta California, Apr. 8, 1862.

347 "wise a ruler": Herbert Mitgang, ed., Abraham Lincoln: A Press Portrait (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971), pp. 290, 293.

347 District of Columbia: CW, 5:152153.

347 "and sound policy": Henry J. Raymond to AL, Mar. 15, 1862, Lincoln MSS, LC.

347 "about the matter". John G. Nicolay, Diary, Mar. 9, 1862, Nicolay MSS, LC.