281 by his appearance: My portrait of Seward is drawn from Charles Francis Adams, 18351915: An Autobiography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1916), pp. 57, 79; The Education of Henry Adams: An Autobiography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1918), p. 104; and William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South (Boston: T. O. H. P. Burnham, 1863), pp. 3435.

281 "if he would": Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln, 2:452.

281 "adjustment afterwards": Frederick J. Blue, Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1987), p. 135.

282 "he, Seward, remained": Welles, Diary, 2:391.

282 "withdraw that consent": CW, 4:273.

282 "the first trick": Nicolay and Hay, 3:371.

282 "at the top": Ibid., 370.

282 "the experiment successful": Seward, Seward at Washington, p. 518.

282 to the Capitol: For a colorful description of the inauguration, see Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington, 18601865 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1941), pp. 4245.

283 during the ceremony: San Francisco Daily Alta California, Apr. 1, 1861. Willard L. King, Lincoln's Manager, David Davis (Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 1960), p. 350, gives an even earlier source for this sometimes questioned story.

283 "of his audience": George W. Julian, Political Recollections, 1840 to 1872 (Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Co., 1884), p. 187.

283 "'or a sword?'": This first version of the inaugural speech is in CW, 4:249262; the quoted pa.s.sages are on pp. 254 and 261.

283 the border states: Browning, Diary, 1:455456; Orville H. Browning to AL, Feb. 17, 1861, Lincoln MSS, LC.

284 "and cheerful confidence": Seward, Seward at Washington, pp. 512513.

284 "of the nation": CW, 4:261262.

284 of our nature: CW, 4:271.

284 "of our freedom": Mitgang, Lincoln: A Press Portrait, pp. 243244.

284 Jefferson Davis's: Dwight L. Dumond, ed., Southern Editorials on Secession (Gloucester, Ma.s.s.: Peter Smith, 1964), pp. 474475.

284 "front against brother": Howard Cecil Perkins, ed., Northern Editorials on Secession (New York: D. Appleton-Century Co., 1942), 2:618, 624, 628, 634.

284 "obscurely stated qualifications": Ibid., 2:645.

285 "doing the business": Robert L. Wilson to WHH, Feb. 10, 1866, HWC.

285 informing Secretary Welles: Welles, Diary 1:1621.

285 friend Elmer Ellsworth: CW, 4:291.

285 "all about it": Charles Francis Adams, Diary, Mar. 10,1861, MS, Ma.s.sachusetts Historical Society.

285 "ill-bred, ravenous crowd": Francis Fessenden, Life and Public Services of William Pitt Fessenden (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1907), 1:127.